Abstract We build on the tradition of studying images in international relations by developing a theory of perceived relationships and their associated images. The psychological theory is connected to a set of assumptions drawn from international relations theory that suggest perceived strategic relationships can be conceived of as a function of perceived relative power, perceived culture, and the perceived threat or perceived opportunity that a subject believes another actor represents. We hypothesize that perceived relationships evoke both cognitive and affective processes that lead to at least four ideal typical images. We further hypothesize that enemy, ally, colony, and degenerate images have identifiable and interrelated components. We test to see if the component parts of these images are related to each other, if the overall image affects the processing and interpretation of new information, and if strategic foreign policy choices follow from the cognitive and affective aspects of the image. The findings indicate that three of the four images are unified schemata, used even by inexperienced analysts. We find further that affect in combination with cognition does predict policy choice in the case of the enemy image. We suggest that image theory is a promising means by which foreign policy and international relations may be fruitfully studied. Show Journal Information International Studies Quarterly, an official journal of the International Studies Association, seeks to acquaint a broad audience of readers with the best research being done in the variety of intellectual traditions included under the rubric of international studies. Therefore, the editors welcome all submissions addressing this community's theoretical, empirical, and normative concerns. First preference will continue to be given to articles that address and contribute to important disciplinary and interdisciplinary questions and controversies. JSTOR provides a digital archive of the print version of International Studies Quarterly. Publisher Information Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the world’s most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. A 13-year old girl spreads false rumors about someone in order to harm his reputation. This is an example of which type of aggression? Choose one answer.
. . A person’s self-concept refers to: Choose one answer.
. . A social psychologist who is consulted about the selection of jury members who would be most sympathetic to the defendant would likely say that all of the following are important considerations except: Choose one answer.
. . A social psychologist would be least likely to study: Choose one answer.
. . According to the social comparison theory, people are most likely to socially compare themselves to others in which situation? Choose one answer.
. . According to the socio-cultural perspective, all of the following conditions facilitate reciprocal helping except: Choose one answer.
. . According to your readings, the benefits of including the target’s perspective in understanding aspects of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination include all of the following except: Choose one answer.
. . According to your readings, what is the relationship between a negative self-relevant experience and compliance? Choose one answer.
. . After a frustrating day at work, Mark likes to go to Rugby games. He states that "There is nothing like a good physical game to help me get the frustration out of my system." According to research in social psychology, after watching a particularly violent game, Mark is: Choose one answer.
. . An alternative explanation for Leon and Festinger’s (1959) results centers around Bem’s self-perception theory and posits which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . An environmental social psychologist would probably study each of the following except: Choose one answer.
. . Applications of social psychology to health and well-being have focused on all of the following except: Choose one answer.
. . As a personnel psychologist, Chris would be most interested in: Choose one answer.
. . As temperatures increase, so does the likelihood of riots. This finding best fits which model of aggression? Choose one answer.
. . Asch’s experiments were a series of studies which demonstrated which social psychological phenomenon? Choose one answer.
. . At an outdoor flea market, you notice a vendor is offering free bookmarks at his stand. This vendor is probably hoping to increase the likelihood that people will buy from him through which persuasive principle in social psychology? Choose one answer.
. . Bandura's social learning theory holds that we will likely behave aggressively if: Choose one answer.
. . Basic research addresses fundamental questions about the nature of human social behavior, such as: Choose one answer.
. . Hazing is a good example of which of the following social psychological phenomena? Choose one answer.
. . Hostile aggression involves: Choose one answer.
. . Human factors psychologists study how people: Choose one answer.
. . If a person makes an internal attribution about the cause of someone’s behavior, it means the cause was: Choose one answer.
. . In Asch’s experiments, participants do NOT conform to the incorrect answers espoused by their peers about what percent of the time? Choose one answer.
. . In Leon and Festinger’s (1959) classic experiment on cognitive dissonance, which group experienced the biggest shift in attitude and why? Choose one answer.
. . In North America, personal characteristics, such as empathy and cooperation, have a female connotation. Bem (1981) discussed this phenomenon in terms of what self-referent phenomenon? Choose one answer.
. . In one experiment, children were given the opportunity to take candy without foreseeable punishment. Half the children were randomly assigned to a group in which the bowl of candy was placed directly in front of a mirror, such that the children would watch themselves stealing the candy. The rest of the children were randomly assigned to a group in which there was no such mirror. Given this description, you might predict that: Choose one answer.
. . In one study in your readings, student athletes were told that they would take a test that was either diagnostic or non-diagnostic of intelligence. They were then randomly assigned to either an experimental group, in which they received a questionnaire designed to prime negative stereotypes, or a control group, in which the questionnaire was given after the test. Which description best describes the results of the study? Choose one answer.
. . In one study, the researchers found that participants with negative self-views displayed more commitment to spouses who evaluated them unfavorably than to those spouses who evaluated them favorably. The researchers explained this phenomenon through which theory? Choose one answer.
. . In Schachter’s (1959) study on affiliation, differences in the desire to affiliate were found between high anxiety participants and low anxiety participants. Which of the following best describes the basic results? Choose one answer.
. . Individuals with reduced self-complexity may experience all of the following outcomes except: Choose one answer.
. . Information social influence suggests that sometimes people conform to what others are doing because: Choose one answer.
. . It is often the case that social psychological researchers go to great lengths to hide the true nature of the study. Which technique/procedure might be employed when this is the case? Choose one answer.
. . Johnny notices that Tommy is better at playing basketball than he is. In social psychology, we might say that Johnny is engaging in: Choose one answer.
. . Loneliness is linked to all of the following factors except: Choose one answer.
. . Milgram’s famous study provided insight into which of the following phenomena? Choose one answer.
. . Part of what was so stunning about Milgram’s findings was that: Choose one answer.
. . Relationship researchers in social psychology often study the factors related to interpersonal attraction. Please answer the question about the hypothetical situation that follows based on your knowledge of interpersonal attraction: John is a freshman undergraduate and has just moved to the dorms. With whom is John most likely to develop a relationship? Choose one answer.
. . Repeatedly pairing the image of an attractive model with a particular brand is an example of how which type of learning affects attitudes? Choose one answer.
. . Research has found that unpredictable noise in the environment affects all of the following except: Choose one answer.
. . Research has shown that female math students taking a difficult test show a drop in performance when told that the test reveals gender differences in math ability. This is an example of which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Research on bystander apathy shows that: Choose one answer.
. . Research shows that the most useful way of combating stereotypes is to do which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Self-discrepancies are most directly associated with which of the following reactions? Choose one answer.
. . Sherif’s famous autokinetic light effect study showed that: Choose one answer.
. . Social psychologists rely heavily on which of the following methods to understand the causes of behavior? Choose one answer.
. . Social psychologists who study health-related applications would probably be most interested in: Choose one answer.
. . Sometimes in social situations we look at what others are doing in order to decide if we are doing the correct thing. This phenomenon illustrates the influence of: Choose one answer.
. . The arousal cost-reward model of helping posits that witnessing an emergency is emotionally arousing and is generally experienced as an uncomfortable tension that we, as bystanders, seek to decrease. Which concept does this sound the most similar to? Choose one answer.
. . The degree to which we include others in self most directly affects which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . The effect of intergroup contact on reducing prejudice is significantly enhanced if: Choose one answer.
. . The fact that social dominance orientation is positively correlated with levels of prejudice supports which of the following conclusions? Choose one answer.
. . The idea that positive outcomes should play a larger role in self-concept formation than negative outcomes is most closely associated with which of the following phenomena? Choose one answer.
. . The social exchange theory of affiliation is based on which of the following premises about human nature? Choose one answer.
. . The tendency to negate the occurrence of negative interpersonal memories and event is referred to as: Choose one answer.
. . The theory of cognitive dissonance holds that people use which of the following to reduce dissonance? Choose one answer.
. . What ability provides us with the capacity to delay immediate gratification in service of long-term goals? Choose one answer.
. . What is NOT a reason that physical attractiveness tends to lead to increased liking and better outcomes? Choose one answer.
. . What is one distinction between stereotypes and discrimination? Choose one answer.
. . What is one of the most popular techniques for probing biases that are often below conscious awareness? Choose one answer.
. . What type of attachment style is characterized by trust but is combined with a feeling of being unworthy of love and a fear of abandonment? Choose one answer.
. . What types of relationships are characterized by the principle that people are to be given what they need? Choose one answer.
. . When others are present, people often believe they are less personally responsible. This phenomenon is called: Choose one answer.
. . Which cognitive error represents the propensity toward overestimating the contribution of disposition to a particular behavior and underestimating the contribution of the situation to behavior? Choose one answer.
. . Which famous case highlights the social psychological phenomenon known as the Bystander effect, in which individuals do NOT offer help in an emergency? Choose one answer.
. . Which of following findings is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective of helping? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best captures some of the main functions of attitudes? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best captures the current thinking/research on cognitive dissonance? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best describes the concept of outgroup homogeneity? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best represents an important boundary condition that affects whether or not people comply following self-threat experiences? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following conditions fosters the formation of outcome biased self-inferences (the propensity of individuals to judge oneself as being more positive on a trait)? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the degree of conformity an individual will likely display in any given situation? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is NOT a nonverbal cue that might be used when forming an impression of someone during a conversation? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that proximity affects liking? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following options best captures the characteristics of ambivalent attitudes? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following refers to the act of responding favorably or unfavorably to an explicit or implicit request by others? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following represents the constructivist viewpoint of attitudes? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following represents the two types of social influence that affect an individual’s behavior? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements correctly captures perceptions of alcohol use on campus and the idea of pluralistic ignorance? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements is most accurate? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements is the most accurate? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements is the most accurate? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements regarding aggression is false? Choose one answer.
. . Which period of time in the development of self-awareness is marked by the ability and desire to label personal qualities and abilities? Choose one answer.
. . Which personality trait is NOT related to aggression? Choose one answer.
. . Which phenomenon contributes to a situation in which individuals do NOT offer help in emergency situations? Choose one answer.
. . Which researcher’s seminal experiment created the impetus for increased attention to ethical issues in research? Choose one answer.
. . Which statement accurately presents a motivation for self-handicapping? Choose one answer.
. . Which statement best captures the direct result of having a diversity of self-schemas? Choose one answer.
. . Which statement best captures the findings regarding the attitude-behavior connection? Choose one answer.
. . Which statement best describes the trajectory of self-esteem stability throughout one’s lifespan? Choose one answer.
. . Which statement best represents the results presented in your reading regarding the self-handicapping phenomenon and the influence of gender? Choose one answer.
. . Which topic is covered in the discussion section of an empirical journal article? Choose one answer.
. . Which type of racism is associated with the opinion that although racism is wrong, racial minorities make unfair demands or receive too many resources? Choose one answer.
. . With regard to attitudes, which of the following examples best captures a high degree of evaluative–cognitive consistency? Choose one answer.
. . With regard to conformity in a group setting (i.e., Asch’s experiment), how many dissenters who voice the correct answer in a group are needed to affect the likelihood that a participant will conform to the wrong answer? Choose one answer.
. . You are walking down the street with a friend and come across a homeless man asking for money. The friend tells you: “Do not give him money. He made his choices to get where he is today.” This statement most directly captures which of the following concepts? Choose one answer.
. . You witness a man jump off a bridge and decide it is too risky for you to jump in after him. In this situation, you are: Choose one answer.
. . Zimbardo’s prison experiments were argued to demonstrate which of the following conclusions? Choose one answer.
. . How are schemas and stereotypes related?Therefore, schema theory can explain the formation of stereotypes by arguing that we naturally categorize people into groups and we make generalizations about the characteristics of those groups so that it makes it less cognitively demanding (easier) think about the individuals we meet on a daily basis.
What key feature helps us tell the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile?“The key feature differentiating these types of smiles is the presence of so-called 'laugh lines,' the tiny wrinkles that appear at the corners of the eye during smiling,” she says.
What key feature helps us tell the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile quizlet?What key feature helps us tell the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile? state-dependent memory.
Which of the following best defines problem solving?Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a solution.
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between schemas and stereotypes?
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