Which action would help prevent skin breakdown around a stoma if the resident has a colostomy

What You Need to Know: Skin Care for Patients

Prevention is a crucial part of a successful peristomal skin care regimen. You can help your patients living with an ostomy prevent peristomal skin issues by providing them with helpful skin care tips.

Common Causes of Peristomal Skin Damage:

Leakage: Healthy skin exposed to fecal or urine output under the skin barrier can breakdown fast.
Pressure: Belts and some clothing may cause pressure on the stoma area.
Stoma size: Ensure the skin barrier is cut to the right size. It should always fit closely around your stoma (1-2mm larger) to protect against leakage.
Skin folds or creases, may prevent the skin barrier from sticking securely to your stomach and result in leakage. A different shaped product may be required if your stoma is flush or retracted.
Skin stripping or friction by removing an skin barrier too quickly can pull the top layers of skin away. The more frequent it happens, the more the skin can be irritated.
Pouching system: If the red or irritated area of the skin is the same shape as the skin barrier, you may have developed an allergy or sensitivity.

Tips for Patients Peristomal Skin Care Routine:

• Change your pouch routinely.
• Gently remove the skin barrier from top to bottom – an adhesive remover may help.
• Clean the skin around the stoma with a wipe soaked in warm water.
• Use all-natural products. Make sure you use a soap that is oil and residue-free.
• Dry your skin thoroughly before applying your next bag.
• Inspect your skin every time you change your skin barrier.
• Apply a skin barrier foam or spray if needed.

As a general rule, healthy peristomal skin should look the same as skin anywhere else on the body. Often times, when the barrier is removed the patient will notice some redness from the adhesive. That's normal. If the redness does not go away, however, it could be the sign of a peristomal skin issue. Discomfort is another sign that their peristomal skin is not healthy.

Help Your Patients Scale Their Peristomal Skin:

What to Ask Your Patients:

• Does your peristomal skin feel itchy or sore under your ostomy pouching system?
• Does your skin feel moist, warm or have a wet appearance?
• Compared to your full body skin tone, does your peristonmal skin look pink, red or inflamed? Blistering or weeping?
• Does the color return to it’s usual tone, after you remove your pouching system after a short time?

Remember: It does not take much time or a large amount of effluent touching the peristomal skin for it to be damaged. The damage is not always easy to detect. That's why you should have your patients familiarize themselves with the importance of their peristomal skin, this way, they will know the warning signs and how to manage the skin issue. Ensure your patients receive the support, information and resources they need.

Managing Peristomal Skin Issues

At some point, you may encounter a patient who has unhealthy peristomal skin. Identifying the skin issue is the first step in management. Here are some common peristomal skin issues and general information about them, including description, causes and symptoms:

Candidiasis

Description/Causes:

Often caused by leakage, perspiration, antibiotic therapy, warm climates, broken skin.

Symptoms:

• Itchy, bumpy red skin.
• Also, infection of vagina, armpit, mouth, or any area of skin folds (i.e., buttocks, groin).

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Description/Causes:

Often caused by exposure to materials and compounds that irritate or sensitize the skin on contact (e.g., tape, skin barriers, soap, adhesives, powders, pastes, or pouch material).

Symptoms:

• Redness, itching, broken skin.
• Yeast irritation in the area covered by a part of the pouching system.
• A history of allergies.

Irritant Dermatitis

Description/Causes:

Inflammation of peristomal skin resulting from contact with stool or urine, usually from leakage under the pouching system.

Symptoms:

• Redness
• Pain
• Weeping areas of skin

Pseudoverrucous Lesions

(Hyperplasia commonly called PEH)

Description/Causes:

Often caused by chronic exposure of the skin to urine due to an excessively large opening in the skin barrier.

Symptoms:

• Pain
• Wart-like, gray or purple-colored thickened areas next to the stoma
• Frequent leakage or bleeding
• White, sandy, or gritty granules on stoma or around base

Folliculitis

Description/Causes:

An inflammation within a hair follicle caused by traumatic hair removal (e.g., "ripping" skin barrier from skin, shaving too closely, or excessive rubbing or cleaning of peristomal skin).

Symptoms:

• Reddened, pinpoint, or infected areas at the base of the hair follicles around the stoma.

Pressure Ulcer

Description/Causes:

An ulcer in the peristomal area caused by excessive pressure from an ostomy appliance belt, tight clothing, rigid faceplate, peristomal hernia, or work-related habits.

Symptoms:

• Pain or bleeding
• Irregularly shaped ulcer
• Pouch leakage
• Decreased wear time

Psoriasis

Description/Causes:

A common skin disorder that can occur underneath ostomy pouching systems.

Symptoms:

• Whitish scaly patches of various sizes
• Itching
• Broken skin

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Description/Causes:

An inflammatory skin disease often seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

Symptoms:

• Irregularly shaped, red, painful, bloody, infected ulcers, with red-to-purple rolled margins; appear on legs, buttocks, face, and peristomal area.

Caput Medusae

Description/Causes:

Refers to a bluish-purple discoloration of the skin caused by dilation of the cutaneous veins around the stoma (peristomal varices).

Symptoms:

• Blue/purple area surrounding the stoma that when blanched, displays irregular, small blood vessels.

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