conflict Show
the disagreement and disharmony that occur in groups when members express differences regarding group goals, member ideas, behavior, and roles; or group procedures and norms effective groups balance the conflict-cohesion dialect highly effective groups are cohesive and also willing to engage in conflict conflict in groups is inevitable 3 types of conflicts: substantive conflict occurs when members disagree about issues, ideas, decisions, actions or goals ex: should student activities fees be raised? affective conflict is the result of interpersonal disagreements,differences in
personalities and communication styles and members conflicting core values and beliefs more difficult to resolve than substantive conflict because it involves peoples feelings and the way members relate to one another substantive and affective conflict may occur at the same time procedural conflict disagreement among group members about the method or process the group uses in its attempt to accomplish a goal procedural conflcit can arise when groups have difficulty resolving substantive or affective conflict attribution theory claims that we make judgements about peoples motives and characteristics that go beyond what we see and hear one of the most significant types of attribution error is the "self-serving
bias" a tendency to blame negative consequences on external forces and attribute positive consequences to our own behavior constructive conflict occurs when group members express disagreement in ways that value everyones contributions and promote the groups goal abide by the
following principles: constructive conflict: destructive conflict results when members engage in behaviors that create hostility and prevent the group from achieving its goal. complaining, personal insults, conflict avoidance, and loud arguments or threat contribute to destructive conflict has the potential to disable a group
completely destructive conflict conflict styles (5) 1. avoidance these styles reflect the tension between seeking personal goals and working cooperatively to achieve the groups goal avoidance when they are unable or unwilling to accomplish their own goals or contribute to achieving the groups goal -usually counterproductive because it fails to address a problem and can increase group tensions avoiding conflict can be appropriate when: how and when to apologize 73%
of legal complainants will accept an offer when an apology is given suggestions for effective apology accommodation give in to other members at the expense of their own goals highly appropriate when: competition occurs when group members are more concerned with their own goals that those of the group -when used inappropriately, it
generates hostility, ridicule, and personal attacks against group members may be appropriate when: compromise is a middle ground approach to conflict in which group members give in on some goals in order to achieve other goals they want more strongly works best when: collaboration searchers for new solutions that will achieve both the individual goal of group members and the goals of the group two drawbacks: approach conflict resolution collaboratively when: choosing a conflcit style as situations change , so may the approach selecting an appropriate conflict styles requires an understanding and analysis of the groups goal, member characteristics and perspectives, and the nature of the conflict situation groups need effective strategies for analyzing and resolving conflicts AEIOU model focuses on collaboration and positive intentionality, the assumption that people are not trying to cause conflict A: assume that the other person means well negotiation in groups negotiation: is a
process of bargaining in order to settle differences or solve a problem principled negotiation: four elements characterize this process -not a set of skills but a process for resolving conflict during negotiation members must be wiling to cooperate with others while attempting to meet as many of their own needs as possible. they must openly communicate what they are willing to concede yet not sacrifice more than is necessary third party intervention occurs when a group member seeks the service of an impartial outsider who has no direct ocnnections to the group but has the skills needed to analyze the conflict and help resolve it two kinds: mediation is facilitated negotiation that employs the serves of impartial third parties only for the purpose of guiding, coaching, and encouraging the disputants through negotiation to successful resolution and agreement -appropriate approach when group members cannot resolve the conflict by themselves and when everyone concerned is willing to participate in the process and abide by the final settlement -effective mediation
has 2 requirements: -all group members must be prepared to tell their side of the story and express the reasons they believe a given outcome arbitration if mediation does not work conflict and member diversity conflict becomes more complex in diverse groups cultural response to conflict gender responses to conflict when women use competitive conflict styles they are viewed more negatively than men
cohesion the mutual attraction that hold the members of a group together high cohesive group has: 4 general strategies for developing group cohesion
1. establish a group identity and traditions does diversity enhance or inhibit group cohesiveness group that are homogenous develop cohesive groups more quickly than heterogeneous groups both groups are capable of developing cohesion
groupthink a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in group, when the members striving for unanimity over rides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action..group think refers to a deterioration of mental effeciency, reality testing, and moral judgement that results from in group pressure 3 preconditions or causes of groupthink the homogenous and heterogenous dialect is particularly important when dealing with groupthink 8 symptoms of group think 1. invulnerability: is overly confident; willing to take big risks preventing groupthink -ask each member to serve in the role of critical evaluator groupthink decisions are misguided and can result in serious harm chapter 9 ... decision making involves making a
judgement, choosing an option, and making up your mind about something groups often make better decisions than individuals working alone decision making: a judgement- the group choses an alternative problem solving is a more
complex process in which groups analyze a problem and develop a plan of action for solving the problem or reducing its harmful effects a process: the group develops a plan decision making methods a group can let majority have its way, reach a decision that everyone can live with, or leave the final decision to someone else voting:the easiest and most obvious way to make a group decision majority vote: requires that more than half the members vote in favor of a proposal two-thirds
vote: at least twice as many group members must votes for a proposal as vote against it voting works best when: consensus: decision is one that all group members have a part in shaping and that all
find at least minimally acceptable as a means of accomplishing some mutual goal. authority rule: in which one person or an
executive group within or outside the group makes the final decisions false consensus: occurs when members reluctantly give in to group pressures or an external authority decision making questions questions of fact: asks whether something is true or false, whether an event did or did not happen, or whether something caused this or that question of conjecture: asks whether something will or will not happen question of value: asks whether something is worthwhile: is it good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral, best, average or worst? question of policy: asks
whether a specific course of action should be implemented to address a problem in many decisions a group must address all types of questions to make a rational decision or solve a complex problem decision making styles rational decision maker: "ive carefully considered all the issues" intuitive decision maker: "it just feels like the right thing to do" dependent decision maker: "if you think its okay, then ill do it" avoidant decision maker: "i just cant deal with this right now" spontaneous decision maker: "lets do it now and worry about consequences later" structured problem solving simple procedure such as considering and following a short agenda enhances meeting productivity there is no best structured procedure to ensure effective problem solving in groups two well established methods: the standard agenda ( 7 steps) these guidelines are known as reflective thinking process 1. task clarification: initial phase, group makes sure that everyone understands the task or assignment 2. problem identification: group should word the question as an agreed upon question 3. fact finding: group members have several obligations reflected in the following questions of fact and value: what are the facts of the situation? what additional info or expert opinion do we need? how serious is the problem? what are the causes of the problem? what prevents us from solving the problem? 4. solution criteria: member ideas about what a solution should accomplish 5. solution suggestions: some solutions may be obvious at this point. group should concentrate on suggesting as many solutions as possible 6. solution evaluation and selection: may be the most difficult and controversial. members discuss the pros and cons of each suggestion in light of their agreed upon solution criteria 7. solution implementation: it may take even more time to organize and implement the solution the single question format approximates the way a successful problem solvers and decisions makers naturally think 5 steps 2. create a collaborative setting: absent from most other problem solving procedures 3. analyze the issue: requires a group to identify and analyze relevant subquestions 4. identify the possible solutions: asks groups to suggest 2 or 3 reasonable solutions to the overall simple question and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each solutions 5. answer the single question: group selects the best solution to the problem passed on clear, shared understanding of al the relevant issues 2 features that make it different and highly effective: creativity has 2 components curiosity and creativity fuel all great groups usually 4 stages even though it is impossible to describe the creative process in precise terms creative problem solving methods: brainstorming technique for generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time based on 2 key principles: effectiveness depends on nature of group and its members may be counter productive: may not participate if they experience a high level of apprehension, become distracted by member contents or leave it to others to come up with good ideas when they have group members speak in turn this slows down momentum and results in fewer ideas some member try and write down ideas, they rarely contribute nominal group technique (NGT) as a way of maximizing participation in problem-solving and program planning groups while minimizing some of the interpersonal problems associated with group interaction nominal means "existing in name only" 2 separate phases: often works better than brainstorming for generating ideas that are both numerous and creative can be useful when dealing with a sensitive topic decreasing options technique (DOT) helps groups reduce and refine a large number of suggestions into a manageable number of ideas 1. generate individual ideas greatest advantage is that it is visual enhancing group activity 4 strategies 2.
encourage innovation 3. ask what if questions chapter 11 ... meeting is a scheduled gathering of group members for a structured discussion guided by a designated chairperson -3 elements: schedule, structure, chairperson effective groups balance the need for both structure and spontaneity appropriate for the meetings goal and the groups norms
the success or failure of a meeting largely depends on good planning questions about meetings why are we meetings? who should attend the meeting? when should we meet? optimal meeting length is one hour where should we meet? what materials do we need? the most
important step in planning a meeting is defining its goal as clearly as possible information giving meeting provides the chairperson or a member the opportunity to present important information to everyone else information getting meeting provides an opportunity for members to provide reports or briefings to the chairperson and other members instructional meeting provides members with training in a specific skill or knowledge area problem solving meeting provides an opportunity for all members to participate in solving a problem and or making a decision types of locations for a meeting leaders office: convenient, access to materials and resources, enhances the meetings importance members office: convenient, access to materials and resources, boots the members status on-site
meeting room: avoids distractions of a working office, more spacious and comfortable than an office off-site meeting room: eliminates most distractions, provides neutral territory, more attractive and comfortable agenda an outline of items discussed
at a meeting elements of an agenda purpose of the meeting: a clear statement of the meetings objective and topic for discussion helps members prepare names of group members: a list of all particpants lets members know who will be attending date, time, and place: the agenda clearly indicates date, time, duration and location call to order: chairperson officially begins the meeting approval of the agenda: this gives members an opportunity to correct or modify the agenda approval of the minutes: the minutes of the pervious meeting are reviewed, revised if need be, and approved by the group as an accurate representation of last meeting reports: officers, individuals, or subcommittees report on the progress of the activities unfinished business: lists topics that require on going discussion or issues that the group was unable to resolve during the last meeting new business:new discussion items are outlined and discussed in this section announcements: any items of info that the group needs to know but that do not require any discussion are announced adjournment: chairperson officially dismisses the particpants and ends meeting preparing agenda determine the order of items meeting think why group members often fail to think critically in meetings and as a result make faulty decisions 3 contributing reasons for this 2. infor overload: too much info burdens the group and prevents members from concentrating on or understanding the issues of the meeting 3. poorly run meetings: there may be no agenda to guide the group chairing the meeting in addition to conducting the meeting, you may also create the agenda, schedule the meeting, distribute the minutes, and follow up or implement decisions after the meeting is over prior to meeting: notify group members and check all plan on attending send reminder during: balance strength and sensitivity end: summarize and identify items that still need to be taken care of one key characteristic of a successful meeting is productivity or at least progress well planned meeting, clear agenda, and skilled chairperson prerecs for a productive meeting dealing with disruptive behavior nonparticipants: members who never or rarely contribute -you don't need full participation from all members all the time, goal is a balanced group discussion over the course of a meeting texters: may believe they are not being disruptive but if they are preoccupied with checking and responding to their messages they are not listening effectively and are not fully engaged in the meeting loudmouths: when a member talks so much that no one gets a chance to speak interrupters: not trying to be rude, their impatience and
excitement cause them to speak out while other members are still talking whisperers: carries on confidential convos with others during a meeting latecomers and early leavers: when you confront disruptive members be sensitive and focus on the behavior rather than making it personal attacks adapting adapting to the diversity of group members involves understanding and accommodating differences while pursuing shared goals minutes are the written record of a groups discussion and actions during a meeting not word for word name of group recorder or secretary
that takes minutes at every meetings, or members take turns action item a task assigned to individual members for completion after the meeting persons name parliamentary procedure set of formula
rules used to determine the will of the majority through fair and orderly discussion and debate majority rule: accepts the will of the majority minority rights: group protects the rights of all the members by guaranteeing everyone the right to speak balanced discussion: rights of all members to speak orderly progress: group follows an approved agenda that promotes orderly business while also allowing flexibility to make decisions evaluating the meeting before adjourning may distribute a post
meeting reaction form: a questionnaire designed to asses the success of a meeting by collecting written reactions from particpants should ask questions about the discussion, quantity of group interactions and effectiveness of meeting procedures chaos theory claims that although certain behaviors in natural systems are not
predictable, there is a pattern to their randomness complexity theory goes even further than a search for patterns, it examines three characteristics of complex systems: contrasts them to different stats of water- ice liquid and steam order is like ice-frozen and solid Which of the following is one of the ways to effectively lead and improve meeting productivity?Tips for leading a meeting. Set goals before the meeting.. Create an agenda.. Invite the right people.. Present the agenda and goals.. Take notes.. Give your full attention.. Get other people involved.. Shut down other devices.. What are the leadership skills needed to conduct a productive meeting?Goals, Gathering, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Action Plan & Monitoring. What are the leadership skills needed to conduct a productive meeting? C. Listening Attentively, Responding Constructively, Soliciting All Ideas, and Matching Decision Making to the Situation.
How can you help a large audience with diverse interests be more understanding and accepting of your message?How can you help a large audience with diverse interests be more understanding and accepting of your message? put the negative information in a favorable context. avoid placing blame and focus on the solution.
How can you be sure you are providing the right information to your audience in the right format?If you're not sure which content formats will resonate with your audience, then use the following tips to identify them:. Pinpoint your audience. You can't captivate an audience without understanding it first. ... . Set goals for your content. ... . Align content formats with your goals. ... . Determine what you want to convey.. |
When acting as a leader of a meeting how can you contribute to the meeting progress Quizlet
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