When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, has occurred.

Thinking “outside of the box”Enhance insight learning inhuman beings is through© 2020 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

responsesproblem’s solutionmulticultural experiencesReflexes are such automatic stimulus – response connectionsModeling/ imitation is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior (trial and error)An _______ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.unconditionedWhen a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the:unconditioned responseWhich of the following are considered primary reinforcers?Food and waterInnate reinforcers that satisfy, biological needs (food, water, sex, etc) are called _______ reinforcers.primaryTyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of _______ reinforcement. Leon put on his seat beltbecause he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of _______ reinforcement.negative; positiveLuis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of:negative reinforcement_______ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.SchedulesWhich of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?Variable-ratioFixed-ratioVariable-interval(Ration-interval)_______ _______ is an operant conditioning concept that involves the process to associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus© 2020 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Stimulus discriminationA bird learns to peck a red colored disk and not to peck the green disk. This would be an example of _______.stimulus discriminationWhich of the following are components of observational learning according to Bandura?Attention, retention, reinforcement, and motor reproductionObservational learning is learning that occurs when we:model othersObservational learning is also known as:Imitation and modelingLearning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior is known as:Observational learningLearning by watching the behavior of others is in social learning theory called _______ learningObservationalThe _______ was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experimentbellWhich of these was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's original experiment?the bellThe bell began as a _______ stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment and became a _______ stimulus by the end.neutral; conditionedIn Pavlov's original experiment the conditioned stimulus (CS) was:the bellWhen removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of the behavior, _______ is said to have occurred.negative reinforcement© 2020 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Five-year-old Fatima observes her mother feeding her infant brother. Fatima picks up her doll baby an begins to mimic the behavior. In this case, Fatimapretending to feed her doll is an example of which of these learning concepts:observational learning, imitation, and modeling

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Classical conditioning was first studied by physiologist Ivan Pavlov. In classical conditioning a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus, or US) that naturally produces a behavior (the unconditioned response, or UR). As a result of this association, the previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same or similar response (the conditioned response, or CR).

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• Video transcript
• What happens when the conditioned stimulus no longer foretells the presentation of the conditioned stimulus?
• What happens when the conditional stimulus no longer foretells the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus quizlet?
• What occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that has been presented over and over repeatedly without changing?
• What is it called when someone no longer experiences a reaction from a conditioned stimulus?

Classically conditioned responses show extinction if the CS is repeatedly presented without the US. The CR may reappear later in a process known as spontaneous recovery.

Organisms may show stimulus generalization, in which stimuli similar to the CS may produce similar behaviors, or stimulus discrimination, in which the organism learns to differentiate between the CS and other similar stimuli.

Second-order conditioning occurs when a second CS is conditioned to a previously established CS.

Psychologist Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect: the idea that responses that are reinforced are “stamped in” by experience and thus occur more frequently, whereas responses that are punishing are “stamped out” and subsequently occur less frequently.

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) expanded on Thorndike’s ideas to develop a set of principles to explain operant conditioning.

Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a something pleasant after the response, and negative reinforcement strengthens a response by reducing or removing something unpleasant. Positive punishment weakens a response by presenting something unpleasant after the response, whereas negative punishment weakens a response by reducing or removing something pleasant.

Shaping is the process of guiding an organism’s behavior to the desired outcome through the use of reinforcers.

Reinforcement may be either partial or continuous. Partial-reinforcement schedules are determined by whether the reward is presented on the basis of the time that elapses between rewards (interval) or on the basis of the number of responses that the organism engages in (ratio), and by whether the reinforcement occurs on a regular (fixed) or unpredictable (variable) schedule.

Not all learning can be explained through the principles of classical and operant conditioning. Insight is the sudden understanding of the components of a problem that makes the solution apparent, and latent learning refers to learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so.

Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of those behaviors is known as observational learning. Aggression, altruism, and many other behaviors are learned through observation.

Learning theories can and have been applied to change behaviors in many areas of everyday life. Some advertising uses classical conditioning to associate a pleasant response with a product.

Rewards are frequently and effectively used in education but must be carefully designed to be contingent on performance and to avoid undermining interest in the activity.

Social dilemmas, such as the prisoner’s dilemma, can be understood in terms of a desire to maximize one’s outcomes in a competitive relationship.

Video transcript

We've talked about how my guinea pig inherently loves carrots and responds to them by being excited. We said that the carrots are the unconditioned stimulus because they naturally elicit the behavior of her being excited. So excitement in this case is the unconditioned response to carrots. Now in order for me to give her a carrot, I have to open my refrigerator door. But since my refrigerator door is broken, it makes a loud popping noise whenever it's been opened. So the noise of the refrigerator door was the neutral stimulus because on its own, it didn't initially make my guinea pig excited. But since my guinea pig heard that popping sound every time I went to get her a carrot, the popping sound was paired with the presentation of a carrot, and eventually when she heard that popping sound, she acted excited, as if she was about to receive a carrot. And even if I just to open the refrigerator door to make myself a snack, she would respond that same way. Since now she responds to the sound of the refrigerator door in the same way she responds to a carrot, the sound of the refrigerator door is no longer a neutral stimulus. It's a conditioned stimulus. And when something responds to a conditioned stimulus, that response is referred to as a conditioned response. But I started to notice an interesting phenomenon. Sometimes I would see her acting excited when I would open my desk drawer, which also happens to make a loud popping sound because it gets stuck a lot from having so many papers and things inside of it. While the two popping sounds have their differences, to my guinea pig they sounded similar enough that the sound of my desk drawer opening was able to cause excitement in her almost as much as the sound of the refrigerator door opening. And the term for this is generalization. A generalization is a tendency for stimulus, similar to the conditioned stimulus, to elicit a response similar to the conditioned response. And the idea to take away from this is usually the more similar the new stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus, the greater the conditioned response will be. So the sound of my desk drawer opening and the sound of my refrigerator door opening sound similar enough to elicit the response to my guinea pig behaving excitedly, the same way she behaves about carrots. So we call that generalization. And generalization has an adaptive value to it because it allows us, whether we're talking about humans or other animals, to make an appropriate response to similar stimuli. For instance, you may know exactly what your best friend's smile looks like. And their smile probably elicits feelings of joy in you. However, when it comes to meeting someone new for the first time, if you see them smile at you, it will probably also elicit feelings of joy. So that's the idea behind generalization. Now, I don't want you to think everything is broken or stuck in my apartment. My dresser drawer actually opens just fine. It makes a sound. But it's more a rumbling sound than a popping sound. And when I open my dresser drawer, my guinea pig does not respond to the sound by behaving excitedly. And the term for this is discrimination. And discrimination is when a human or any other type of animal learns to make a particular response to some stimuli, but not to others. Discrimination also has adaptive value because it's important to respond differently to related stimuli. You wouldn't want to respond to all loud sounds in exactly the same way. I mean think about it. Wouldn't you respond differently to the loud bang of a drum versus a loud bang of a gunshot? I know I would. Now, we've talked about how my guinea pig behaves excited about the sound of the refrigerator door opening, even when I'm opening it to make a snack for myself, with no intention to give her a carrot. And I know this because it's happened a few times. And if she doesn't receive a carrot for a few instances every so often, that's no big deal. The classical conditioning can endure. And she continues to respond to sound of the door by behaving excitedly. However, if I decided to stop giving her carrots altogether, eventually she would learn that the sound the refrigerator door alone isn't followed by a carrot. And the sound of the refrigerator door would gradually stop making her behave the same way she behaves when she receives a carrot. And we refer to this phenomenon as extinction. And it's when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. And so, eventually, the conditioned stimulus is no longer able to elicit the conditioned response. But don't think of extinction as something that bad unless you're an endangered species. The process of extinction is used in therapy to treat phobias. For instance if you were afraid of heights, a therapist might use the concept of extinction by exposing you to various heights and eventually the stimulus of heights would no longer elicit the same response of fear. Finally, let's say my guinea pig now no longer responds to the sound of my refrigerator door opening. But suddenly, out of the blue one day, she hears the refrigerator door opening and spontaneously responds with some level of excitement. The spontaneous occurrence of the previously conditioned response is what's known as spontaneous recovery. And no one really knows why this happens. Generally when spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response occurs, it doesn't persist for very long. And it usually isn't quite as strong as it used to be. So maybe instead of behaving extremely excited to the sound of the refrigerator door, she just seems kind of intrigued, at least more than usual. So that's spontaneous recovery. So now you know the four common phenomena associated with classical conditioning-- generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

What happens when the conditioned stimulus no longer foretells the presentation of the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus. When presented with the conditioned stimulus alone, the dog, cat, or other organism would show a weaker and weaker response, and finally no response.

What happens when the conditional stimulus no longer foretells the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus quizlet?

the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery.

What occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that has been presented over and over repeatedly without changing?

Habituation occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. As the stimulus occurs over and over, we learn not to focus our attention on it.

What is it called when someone no longer experiences a reaction from a conditioned stimulus?

Eventually, the conditioned response will gradually diminish and even disappear, a process known as extinction.

What occurs when a conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears?

What is the disappearance of a conditioned response?

What is it called when classical conditioning goes away?

What is it called when a conditioned stimulus loses its effect over time?