What would the population size of sika deer be one year after the carrying capacity increased to 70000 as a result of deforestation assume does not change?

The population of Japanese sika deer in central Japan was determined each year from 2005 to 2014. The sika deer population underwent logistic growth starting at 26,000 deer in 2005 and stabilized at 58,000 deer between 2012 and 2014. Based on these data, the rmax for this population was determined to be 0.57. Central Japan contains a variety of habitats, including forests and grasslands. Sika deer benefit from the resources in grasslands more than forests; if deforestation occurred, producing more grasslands in the region, the carrying capacity for sika deer population would increase.

What would the population size of sika deer be one year after the carrying capacity increased to 70,000 as a result of deforestation? Assume rmax does not change.

A - The population would grow to 70,000 deer in a year, because they would occupy the entire environmental niche.
B - The population would grow to 91,060 deer in a year, but then they would die off from a lack of resources.
C - The population would grow to 63,667 deer in a year, and the growth rate would decrease the following year.
D - The population would remain at 58,000 deer, since it had already stabilized.

C - The population would grow to 63,667 deer in a year, and the growth rate would decrease the following year.

(Correct. dN/dt=rmaxN(K−NK)should be used to calculate the increase in the population size after a year: 0.57×58,000×(70,000−58,00070,000)=5,6670. The new population size would be 5,667+58,000=63,667. The growth rate would decrease the following year because the population would be closer to the new carrying capacity and (K−NK) would get smaller.)

In the Florida Everglades, Burmese pythons are an invasive species. They were introduced into southern Florida in 1992. These pythons feed on many of the native Florida species, establishing the pythons as the top predator in the environment. By the year 2000, their population had increased dramatically.

Figures 1 and 2 display data collected by ecologists studying the results of the Burmese python invasion. Figure 1 shows counts of animals collected from nighttime road surveys in southern Florida, which are used to estimate population size. Figure 2 shows data collected from mosquitoes captured from the wild. DNA sequencing was used to identify the species of blood that the mosquitoes had in their stomachs, identifying various hosts used by the mosquitoes.

In 1996, the native Culex cedecei mosquitoes in southern Florida preferentially took blood meals from white-tailed deer and raccoons. It was predicted that changes in host population size would alter these host preferences. Additionally, it is known that cotton rats are often infected by the Everglades virus, which normally exists in animals, but is capable of infecting humans. Ecologists predict that increased feeding on cotton rats by C. cedecei may significantly increase the tendency of this virus to infect humans.

Which of the following most accurately explains an impact of Burmese pythons on the Everglades community in southern Florida using the data provided?

A - Python parasitism has reduced the population of white-tailed deer and raccoons.
B - Python predation has caused a trophic cascade that changed the mosquitoes' niche.
C - Pythons have a mutual symbiosis with cotton rats, allowing their population to increase.
D - Intraspecific competition for food between white-tailed deer and raccoons has increased due to pythons.

In the Florida Everglades, Burmese pythons are an invasive species. They were introduced into southern Florida in 1992. These pythons feed on many of the native Florida species, establishing the pythons as the top predator in the environment. By the year 2000, their population had increased dramatically.

Figures 1 and 2 display data collected by ecologists studying the results of the Burmese python invasion. Figure 1 shows counts of animals collected from nighttime road surveys in southern Florida, which are used to estimate population size. Figure 2 shows data collected from mosquitoes captured from the wild. DNA sequencing was used to identify the species of blood that the mosquitoes had in their stomachs, identifying various hosts used by the mosquitoes.

In 1996, the native Culex cedecei mosquitoes in southern Florida preferentially took blood meals from white-tailed deer and raccoons. It was predicted that changes in host population size would alter these host preferences. Additionally, it is known that cotton rats are often infected by the Everglades virus, which normally exists in animals, but is capable of infecting humans. Ecologists predict that increased feeding on cotton rats by C. cedecei may significantly increase the tendency of this virus to infect humans.

Based on the data, which of the following most accurately matches a potential change with its predicted effects on the southern Florida ecosystem?

A - Introduction of a new top predator species that preys solely on Burmese pythons would cause an increase in the raccoon population.
B - If the population of Burmese pythons were to decrease, then the cotton rat population would increase.
C - If more Burmese pythons are introduced in the Everglades, then mosquitoes will begin feeding on white-tailed deer frequently again.
D - Introduction of a new snake species that competes with the Burmese python for food would lead to an increase in the white-tailed deer population.

In the Florida Everglades, Burmese pythons are an invasive species. They were introduced into southern Florida in 1992. These pythons feed on many of the native Florida species, establishing the pythons as the top predator in the environment. By the year 2000, their population had increased dramatically.

Figures 1 and 2 display data collected by ecologists studying the results of the Burmese python invasion. Figure 1 shows counts of animals collected from nighttime road surveys in southern Florida, which are used to estimate population size. Figure 2 shows data collected from mosquitoes captured from the wild. DNA sequencing was used to identify the species of blood that the mosquitoes had in their stomachs, identifying various hosts used by the mosquitoes.

In 1996, the native Culex cedecei mosquitoes in southern Florida preferentially took blood meals from white-tailed deer and raccoons. It was predicted that changes in host population size would alter these host preferences. Additionally, it is known that cotton rats are often infected by the Everglades virus, which normally exists in animals, but is capable of infecting humans. Ecologists predict that increased feeding on cotton rats by C. cedecei may significantly increase the tendency of this virus to infect humans.

Scientists hypothesize that the invasive Burmese pythons are responsible for recent increases in human Everglades virus infections. Evaluate this alternate hypothesis using the data provided.

A - The alternate hypothesis is supported because invasive Burmese pythons caused an increase in the mosquito population. This enabled them to transmit the Everglades virus at a higher frequency if they were infected.
B - The alternate hypothesis is supported because the invasive Burmese pythons caused mosquitoes to switch to feeding on cotton rats. This means that mosquitoes are more likely to carry the Everglades virus when they bite humans.
C - The alternate hypothesis is refuted because humans are used as hosts for only a small percentage of mosquito feedings. Humans therefore will not have an increase in Everglades virus infection.
D - The alternate hypothesis is refuted by the data because the population of cotton rats increased. Since there are more cotton rats, they will contain the Everglades virus and prevent it from infecting humans.

In the mid-1920s, gray wolves, Canis lupus, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern United States. Over the course of 1995 and 1996, 31 wolves from Canada were relocated to the park. Researchers have tracked the growth of the wolf population from 21 in 1995 to 108 at the end of the study in 2016 (Figure 1).

The wolves prey on large herbivores, primarily elk. The carcasses of wolf kills are a valuable food source for coyotes, Canis latrans. When coyotes are feeding on carcasses, they may be chased off the carcass and/or killed by wolves. Coyotes also hunt small mammals for food.

Researchers were studying the effect of wolves' presence on the behavior of coyotes. Researchers observed coyotes in a specific area of Yellowstone National Park and recorded the proportion of the coyotes' time spent on five different activities when wolves were present in the study area and when wolves were absent (Figure 2).

Based on the data in the figure, a student claimed that since 2007, the carrying capacity of wolves in Yellowstone National Park has been 100 wolves, and the maximum annual per capita growth rate of gray wolves is 0.6 wolves per wolf per year.

Which of the following is closest to the calculated wolf population size in 2017 based on the student's claim?

A - 100
B - 103
C - 113
D - 173

In the mid-1920s, gray wolves, Canis lupus, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern United States. Over the course of 1995 and 1996, 31 wolves from Canada were relocated to the park. Researchers have tracked the growth of the wolf population from 21 in 1995 to 108 at the end of the study in 2016 (Figure 1).

The wolves prey on large herbivores, primarily elk. The carcasses of wolf kills are a valuable food source for coyotes, Canis latrans. When coyotes are feeding on carcasses, they may be chased off the carcass and/or killed by wolves. Coyotes also hunt small mammals for food.

Researchers were studying the effect of wolves' presence on the behavior of coyotes. Researchers observed coyotes in a specific area of Yellowstone National Park and recorded the proportion of the coyotes' time spent on five different activities when wolves were present in the study area and when wolves were absent (Figure 2).

Following the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park, researchers measured the mean height of young aspen trees in upland and streamside areas.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of the change in mean aspen height from 1998 to 2010 ?

A - The reintroduction of wolves led to a decrease in the population of elk, allowing aspen trees to grow taller.
B - The reintroduction of wolves led to a decrease in the population of small mammals, allowing aspen trees to grow taller.
C - The reintroduction of wolves led to an increase in the number of carcasses that provided fertilizer for young aspen trees.
D - The reintroduction of wolves led to an increase in the number of carcasses, so coyotes no longer ate young aspen trees.

Bison in Yellowstone National Park have a food-limited carrying capacity that determines how their population grows. If the population grows too large, some bison will either starve or migrate to search for more food. The park is able to support a maximum population of 4,500 bison. Park conservation officials must watch the population and prevent the bison from overpopulating, since they would migrate to nearby farms, causing agricultural damage and creating hazards to drivers. The bison begin to migrate when the population reaches 4,000 because of competition for food.

If the current population size of bison is 3,652 and the maximum growth rate of the population is 0.28, calculate the population size after one year and determine whether the park will need to take measures to control the population.

A - The population will be 3,845 after a year. The bison will not pose a problem until the following year, and no conservation action will need to take place.
B - The population will be 4,675 after a year. Some bison will need to be removed to prevent migration, since they will surpass the resource availability.
C - The population will be 1,023 after a year, since the growth rate is too low. Conservation efforts will need to focus on increasing the bison population.
D - The population will be 4,500 after a year. The bison cannot exceed the carrying capacity, so they will stop reproducing. Some bison will need to be removed.

A - The population will be 3,845 after a year. The bison will not pose a problem until the following year, and no conservation action will need to take place.

(Correct. dN/dt=rmaxN(K−NK) should be used to determine the one-year change in population size: 0.28×3,652(4,500−3,6524,500)=193. Adding 193 to 3,652 projects a population of 3,845, so the population will not reach the point at which bison migration occurs. However, it will reach a level to initiate migration the following year.)

Sea otters living along the Pacific coast were hunted to near extinction in the nineteenth century. After being protected from hunting in the early 1900s, a remnant population of otters near Adak Island, Alaska, recovered rapidly. Otters did not return to the environmentally similar nearby island, Alaid Island. Sea otters eat sea urchins, which eat kelp, a brown alga. Researchers surveyed both islands in 1988, to measure sea urchin biomass and kelp density. The data are presented in Table 1.

In 1991, researchers at Adak Island observed the first attack by a killer whale on a sea otter in historical times. The researchers hypothesized that the population sizes of the larger marine mammals that the killer whales normally prey on declined, so the killer whales were starting to prey on different prey, including the smaller sea otters.

Which of the following best predicts the effects of an increase in killer whale predation on sea otters on the Adak Island ecosystem?

A - Both the sea urchin population and the kelp population will increase, leading to greater total biomass and diversity in the Adak Island ecosystem.
B - Both the sea urchin population and the kelp population will decrease, leading to reduced total biomass and diversity in the Adak Island ecosystem.
C - The sea urchin population will increase and the kelp population will decrease, leading to greater total biomass and diversity in the Adak Island ecosystem.
D - The sea urchin population will increase and the kelp population will decrease, leading to reduced total biomass and diversity in the Adak Island ecosystem.

Zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, were introduced into the Great Lakes on shipping vessels, first appearing in Lake St. Clair in the 1980s. Since that time, they have rapidly expanded in range, as shown in Figure 1.

Which of the following best supports the alternate hypothesis that zebra mussels display characteristics of an invasive species?

A - Lacking natural predators and able to outcompete native species of mussels and other freshwater species for food, zebra mussels have experienced exponential population growth and rapid expansion into new habitats.
B - Since their arrival, zebra mussels have undergone rapid adaptive radiation, producing new species in many different habitats.
C - Throughout their current range, zebra mussels coexist with native mussel species, whose populations have been unaffected by the arrival of zebra mussels.
D - Zebra mussels can crossbreed with native mussels, producing hybrids that are better adapted in the range shown in Figure 1.

Which of the following best predicts the results of a drought in the savanna research area with regards to community resilience to this environmental change quizlet?

What do the data in Figure 1 suggest about a null hypothesis that the East China Sea?

Which of the following most accurately explains an impact of Burmese pythons in the Everglades community in southern Florida using the data provided?

Which of the following best predicts the effects of an increase in killer whale predation on sea otters on the Adak Island ecosystem?