What type of explanation for political violence is best understood as finding a root source for violence quizlet?

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1. What type of explanation for political violence is best understood as finding a "root source" for violence?
a. ideational
b. individual
c. institutional
d. ideological

c. institutional

2. Political violence is defined as
a. politically motivated violence conducted by the state.
b. politically motivated violence outside of state control.
c. violence conducted against civilians for political purposes.
d. violence between military forces.

b. politically motivated violence outside of state control.

3. In which of the following ways do institutional explanations of political violence differ from ideational explanations?
a. They tend to be less deterministic.
b. They tend to be less well supported by research.
c. They tend to be more interested in the content of ideas.
d. They tend to be more particularistic.

d. They tend to be more particularistic.

4. Which of the following statements about revolutions and their results is accurate?
a. Revolutions often result in less freedom and equality.
b. The historical results of revolutions have led us to generally think of them as negative events.
c. Resulting revolutionary regimes rarely institutionalize new forms of politics.
d. Ideational factors typically play little to no role in the successful institutionalization of revolutionary regimes.

a. Revolutions often result in less freedom and equality.

5. Which of the following could be categorized as an individual explanation for political violence?
a. nationalism
b. humiliation
c. fundamentalism
d. ideology

b. humiliation

6. Which of the following statements is true of differing explanations for political violence?
a. Ideational and institutional factors are more useful in explaining terrorist violence than revolutionary violence.
b. Most political scientists attempt to form a unified theory of political violence that incorporates different explanations equally.
c. Most scholars now agree that individual factors are the root of political violence.
d. Ideational factors are most important for providing a context in which particular preconditions, problems, and conflicts may emerge.

b. Most political scientists attempt to form a unified theory of political violence that incorporates different explanations equally.

7. Revolution is most accurately defined as
a. a spontaneous outburst of widespread violence in a state due to ideational reasons.
b. a public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.
c. the replacement of a regime's existing repressive policies with more inclusive or democratic ones.
d. any wide-ranging and rapid change in a society that produces beneficial social results.

b. a public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.

8. In which of the following ways does a coup d'état differ from a revolution?
a. Elites are the agent of change.
b. Higher levels of political violence are involved.
c. People are the target of the violence, not the regime.
d. Ideology plays a bigger part.

a. Elites are the agent of change.

9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between revolution and violence?
a. Revolutions are typically more violent when the government chooses to freely give up its monopoly on violence.
b. In the past most revolutions were nonviolent, but they have become more violent since the end of the Cold War.
c. Revolutions are most often violent, though some argue that nonviolent revolutions have occurred.
d. Revolutions are most likely to involve violence when ethnicity is at the core of the disagreement with the regime.

c. Revolutions are most often violent, though some argue that nonviolent revolutions have occurred.

10. It has been argued that the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the 2011 Egyptian Revolution are examples of which model of revolution?
a. incipient mobilization model
b. religious-social model
c. relative deprivation model
d. Islamist rebellion model

c. relative deprivation model

11. In the third phase of their evolution, such as in the work of Theda Skocpol, studies of revolutions have
a. shifted their emphasis from the public to the state.
b. shifted their emphasis to the role of the army in defending the state.
c. shifted their emphasis to the importance of elite planning.
d. shifted from a more theoretical approach to becoming largely descriptive.

a. shifted their emphasis from the public to the state.

12. War crimes and human rights abuses can be defined as
a. the use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
b. the use of violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
c. the use of violence by nonstate actors against states in order to achieve a political goal.
d. the use of violence by civilians against states in order to achieve a political goal.

b. the use of violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.

13. Terrorism can be defined as the
a. use of violence by nonstate actors against states in order to achieve a political goal.
b. use of violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
c. use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
d. use of violence by civilians against states in order to achieve a political goal.

c. use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.

14. The statement "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter"
a. demonstrates that political scientists must consider multiple points of view when studying real-world cases.
b. seeks to demonstrate the mutability of political science terminology depending on context.
c. runs against a core aspiration of political science, which is to define terms objectively rather than subjectively.
d. is often used to demonstrate cultural differences in the application of political science.

c. runs against a core aspiration of political science, which is to define terms objectively rather than subjectively.

15. Guerrilla war can be defined as
a. the use of violence by nonstate actors who reject traditional rules of war and target civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
b. the use of violence by nonstate actors who accept the traditional rules of war and target the state in order to achieve a political goal.
c. the use of traditional violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
d. the use of asymmetric violence by civilians against states in order to achieve a political goal.

b. the use of violence by nonstate actors who accept the traditional rules of war and target the state in order to achieve a political goal.

16. States most often engage in state-sponsored terrorism as a means of
a. engaging in cosmic war.
b. encouraging domestic social unrest.
c. influencing foreign policy.
d. silencing political dissent.

c. influencing foreign policy.

17. Nihilism is in large part a belief that all institutions and values
a. should embrace pacifism.
b. are equally valid.
c. are essentially meaningless.
d. are a gift from God.

c. are essentially meaningless

18. When looking at terrorists' backgrounds, we find that they
a. usually have an extensive criminal background.
b. almost always have religion as their primary motivating force.
c. are almost always illiterate.
d. often come from educated backgrounds.

d. often come from educated backgrounds.

19. Studies of the relationship between economic conditions and terrorism find that
a. terrorists almost always come from the poorest countries in the world.
b. terrorists almost always come from well-off families.
c. terrorists almost always come from the working class.
d. there is not a strong correlation between economic deprivation and terrorism.

d. there is not a strong correlation between economic deprivation and terrorism.

20. In terms of achieving their stated long-term outcomes, terrorists
a. are typically more successful in rich countries than in poor ones.
b. have shown more strategic than tactical success.
c. are usually successful.
d. are usually unsuccessful.

d. are usually unsuccessful.

21. Individual-focused studies of terrorism, noting in part the emphasis on community and purity of cause, have drawn comparisons between terrorist groups and
a. folk customs.
b. political campaigns.
c. religious cults.
d. sports teams.

c. religious cults.

22. Which of the following events is widely believed to involve (or have involved) state-sponsored terrorism?
a. fighting over the Indian province of Kashmir
b. the 1979 Iranian Revolution
c. the 2011 Egyptian uprising
d. the French Revolution

a. fighting over the Indian province of Kashmir

23. The modern concepts of revolution and terrorism can be first traced back to which important modern event?
a. American Revolution
b. French Revolution
c. English Revolution
d. Russian Revolution

b. French Revolution

24. Over the course of the last decade, the people of Country X experienced a slight expansion of their rights and economic conditions—women's suffrage was expanded, more political parties were allowed to organize and compete, and per capita income increased slightly. A large middle class began to desire a continuation of this trend toward full democracy, yet the illiberal regime in power refused to enact additional reforms at the pace the people desired. Opposition groups formed and a popular, violent revolution began against the state. What category of explanation best represents this overall process?
a. institutional
b. elite preservation
c. ideational
d. relative deprivation

d. relative deprivation

25. Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between fundamentalism and political violence?
a. Political ideologies can be categorized as fundamentalist more easily than as religious.
b. Fundamentalists tend to target civilians instead of state institutions when using violence.
c. Fundamentalists who seek change in the political status quo almost always resort to violence.
d. Extreme forms of fundamentalism may use violence, but it is a mistake to associate fundamentalism directly with violence.

d. Extreme forms of fundamentalism may use violence, but it is a mistake to associate fundamentalism directly with violence.

26. Which of the following statements about the concept of "cosmic war" is accurate?
a. It is often bound up with political conspiracy theories.
b. It represents religious fundamentalists' end goal of bringing about the apocalypse.
c. It largely rejects concepts of good and evil in favor of "believers" and "nonbelievers."
d. It is sometimes bound up with religious belief but is often espoused by secular terrorist groups.

a. It is often bound up with political conspiracy theories.

27. The 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe, with the exception of Romania, are examples of revolutions
a. with very limited or no violence.
b. that failed to overthrow the state.
c. that did little to change the basic institutions of the state.
d. that ultimately reduced personal and political freedom.

a. with very limited or no violence.

28. In which of the following ways must the study of terrorism necessarily differ from the study of revolutions?
a. There is less focus on outcomes.
b. Ideational explanations are less emphasized.
c. There is greater focus on institutional causes.
d. There is less concentration on individual actors.

a. There is less focus on outcomes.

29. Which of the following statements about the relationships between regime type, terrorism, and revolution is accurate?
a. Terrorism is most common under authoritarian regimes, but revolution occurs equally across different regime types.
b. The levels of revolution and terrorism do not correlate with regime type.
c. Both revolution and terrorism are less likely under democratic regimes.
d. Terrorism is more likely to occur under regimes with strong ideological leanings, but the incidence of revolution is not influenced by ideology.

c. Both revolution and terrorism are less likely under democratic regimes.

30. Some warn that too much centralized power to fight terrorism could lead to
a. unitary government.
b. illiberalism.
c. hyperdemocracy.
d. a surveillance state.

d. a surveillance state.

1. The borders of most current African states were drawn by colonial powers according to
a. longitude and latitude.
b. the locations of natural resources.
c. ethnic divisions.
d. population groups.

a. longitude and latitude.

2. Countries that are experiencing rapid economic growth and democratization are generally known as ________ countries.
a. newly developing
b. less-developed
c. peripheral
d. middle income

d. middle income

3. Why might the commonality of authoritarian regimes in the developing world fail to suggest high levels of autonomy, even though on the surface it appears that this should be the case?
a. The fear of revolution at the street level keeps these regimes beholden to the popular will of the people.
b. Neocolonialism transfers power over policy from these regimes to outside actors like developed democracies.
c. These regimes often lose their independence through corruption to groups that exploit them as a resource.
d. Very low levels of income for these regimes and their top officials reduce their ability to act independently.

c. These regimes often lose their independence through corruption to groups that exploit them as a resource

4. Countries that are experiencing weak economic and political development are known as ________ countries.
a. newly developing
b. newly industrializing
c. peripheral
d. lower income

d. lower income

5. A system wherein a state extends its power in order to directly control territory, resources, and people beyond its borders is known as
a. imperialism.
c. hegemony.
b. unilateralism.
d. bipolarity.

a. imperialism.

6. The term for the physical occupation of a foreign territory through military force, businesses, or settlers is
a. federalism.
b. democracy.
c. colonialism.
d. autonomy.

c. colonialism

7. Which of the following was the initial, primary cause of lack of government capacity in postcolonial countries?
a. endemic corruption among governmental workers
b. control of most government programs by the military
c. absence of a professional bureaucracy
d. ethnic divisions among civil servants

c. absence of a professional bureaucracy

8. Which of the following best describes modernization under imperialism in most colonial states?
a. incomplete transition between Western and traditional institutions
b. complete destruction of local institutions with no new ones to take their place
c. largely a successful implementation of governmental structures that mirrored the colonial power's government
d. complete transformation to modern social institutions but with economic modernization lagging behind

a. incomplete transition between Western and traditional institutions

9. Which of the following statements best describes social identities in places under imperial control?
a. Ethnic and national identities largely withered as a result of the imposition of the modern state.
b. Neither strong national nor strong, specific ethnic identities were present before imperialism.
c. Strong national identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.
d. Strong ethnic identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.

b. Neither strong national nor strong, specific ethnic identities were present before imperialism.

10. Inequality under imperialism was exacerbated by
a. imperial obsessions with mass literacy.
b. imperial obsessions with religious differences and conversion.
c. imperial obsessions with forefronting racial differences.
d. imperial interest in suppressing nationalist sentiment.

c. imperial obsessions with forefronting racial differences

11. Which of the following statements about the Washington Consensus is accurate?
a. In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to increase state power.
b. In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to limit regulation.
c. In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to restrict private industry.
d. In the 1980s it began to encourage state governments to relax the rule of law.

b. In the 1980s it began to encourage countries to limit regulation.

12. Which of the following statements about the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDG) program is accurate?
a. Lack of proper, comprehensive data collection has left wide disagreement over whether the program has been a success.
b. The program and goals are a prime example of emphasis on allowing civil society to develop organically without heavy international intervention.
c. Compared to villages that received no aid, the Millennium Villages showed impressive progress.
d. Unexpected opposition to international aid by the target state governments dramatically reduced program effectiveness.

a. Lack of proper, comprehensive data collection has left wide disagreement over whether the program has been a success.

13. Some observers of less-developed countries use the term ________ to describe the unequal economic relationship between those countries and advanced democracies in the modern postcolonial era.
a. quasi-socialism
b. pseudocapitalism
c. protoliberalism
d. neocolonialism

d. neocolonialism

14. Which of the following is a component of import substitution, an economic strategy followed by many developing countries in the post-World War II era?
a. poor enforcement of intellectual property rights
b. banning parastatal arrangements
c. privatizing nationalized industries
d. ending government business subsidies

a. poor enforcement of intellectual property rights

15. The concept of a "hothouse economy" is associated with
a. liberalization.
b. import substitution.
c. foreign direct investment.
d. communism.

b. import substitution.

16. South Korea is among the Asian countries that pursued an export-oriented strategy known as
a. import substitution.
b. the industrial curve.
c. product peripheralism.
d. the product life cycle.

d. the product life cycle.

17. Tariff and nontariff barriers are key tools most important to which economic strategy?
a. import substitution
b. centralized developmentalism
c. liberalism
d. export-oriented industrialization

a. import substitution

18. Import substitution is most closely related to which of the following political-economic systems?
a. social democracy
b. mercantilism
c. liberalism
d. communism

b. mercantilism

19. After World War II, many countries in Asia discarded import substitution and opted for a form of economic development known as
a. microfinance.
b. debt-based agriculturalism.
c. export-oriented industrialization.
d. centralized developmentalism.

c. export-oriented industrialization.

20. Policies supported by the IMF and World Bank to increase economic liberalization in less-developed countries are often referred to as the
a. Washington Consensus.
b. Multilateral Accord.
c. Millennium Action Accord.
d. United Nations Economic Compact.

a. Washington Consensus.

21. Policies that require countries to privatize state-run firms, end subsidies, reduce tariff barriers, shrink the size of the state, and welcome foreign investment are sometimes known as
a. import substitution programs.
b. structural adjustment programs.
c. service-sector growth programs.
d. export industrialization programs

b. structural adjustment programs.

22. Which of the following can be said about the effects of imperialism on gender roles?
a. It is difficult to generalize about the effects on gender roles, but in many countries imperialism likely made gender roles more fixed.
b. Imperialism dramatically reduced the number of economic roles for women.
c. Women in most countries that came under imperial control saw their political and social status rise slightly.
d. Western values imposed on countries under imperial control resulted in the liberation of many women from the domestic sphere.

a. It is difficult to generalize about the effects on gender roles, but in many countries imperialism likely made gender roles more fixed.

23. Organized life outside of the state that is often seen as critical to democracy and political stability is known as
a. public goods.
b. free riders.
c. social circles.
d. civil society.

d. civil society.

24. Which postcolonial region currently suffers the lowest rankings on the Human Development Index?
a. northern Latin America
b. central Asia
c. Africa
d. the Middle East

c. Africa

25. The untaxed, unregulated, and unprotected sector of the economy is known as the ________ economy.
a. unrestricted
b. informal
c. private
d. devolved

b. informal

26. A small country has applied for membership in an economic union. Before membership is granted, the ruling body of the union requires that the applicant state reduce its budget deficit to a specific percentage of GDP. This type of arrangement could be classified as
a. structural reform.
b. conditionality.
c. neoliberalism.
d. export-oriented adjustment.

b. conditionality.

27. One recent innovation to help alleviate poverty in poorer countries through small loans to small businesses is known as
a. macrofinance.
b. microcredit.
c. structural loans.
d. flexible funding.

b. microcredit.

28. In comparing the development of postcolonial countries, which of the following pairs of factors have shown strong correlation with each other?
a. political stability and multiculturalism
b. abundant natural resources and weak economic development
c. deep ethnic divisions and strong economic growth
d. presidential systems and robust economic growth

b. abundant natural resources and weak economic development

29. One of the major criticisms of microfinance or microcredit is that the
a. loans are rarely repaid.
b. loans create a dependency on foreign handouts.
c. loans do not help grow businesses that can hire employees.
d. international community is not involved in making these investments.

c. loans do not help grow businesses that can hire employees.

30. Which of the following might be a Washington Consensus policy recommendation to a less-developed country that would be opposed by a supporter of import substitution policy?
a. investing heavily in domestic agriculture
b. raising tariffs to reduce foreign imports
c. reducing state power
d. promoting private domestic industry

c. reducing state power

1. Which of the following entities can be either exclusively national or fully international in nature?
a. Bretton Woods
b. MNCs
c. NGOs
d. IGOs

c. NGOs

2. In what way is the Internet unlike a typical international regime?
a. It has no norms that lead to a specific goal.
b. It is not seen as beneficial.
c. It does not link states or individuals together in a meaningful way.
d. It is more easily controlled by sovereign states.

a. It has no norms that lead to a specific goal.

3. The experiences of the WTO in 1999 and 2008 suggest which of the following?
a. the rapid weakening of state sovereignty
b. an increase in antiglobalization activism
c. the power of MNCs to derail trade liberalization talks
d. the increased power of NGOs to promote global human rights

b. an increase in antiglobalization activism

4. According to political scientists Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, what is the relationship between globalization and history?
a. Globalization takes the simple form of international contacts and interaction.
b. Significant international connections have only appeared in the last half century.
c. Globalization is "thick" compared to the international connections of the past.
d. Globalization highlights the distinction between international relations and domestic politics.

c. Globalization is "thick" compared to the international connections of the past.

5. In which of the following ways are the new violent international actors empowered by globalization similar to IGOs and MNCs, and in which way are they dissimilar?
a. similar in that they are flexible; dissimilar in that they employ physical force to reach their objectives
b. similar in that they resemble social networks; dissimilar in that they employ violence
c. similar in that they exercise sovereignty; dissimilar in that they seek their objectives with the use of force
d. similar in that they are decentralized; dissimilar in that they hold territory

a. similar in that they are flexible; dissimilar in that they employ physical force to reach their objectives

6. One important impact of globalization on the study of politics is that it
a. reduces the need for diplomacy between major states.
b. seems to be the most important force to date for weakening autocratic leaders.
c. calls into question the future viability of international organizations.
d. blurs the lines between domestic politics and international relations.

d. blurs the lines between domestic politics and international relations.

7. Greenpeace is a good example of a(n)
a. multinational corporation.
b. nongovernmental organization.
c. international regime.
d. intergovernmental organization.

b. nongovernmental organization.

8. The World Trade Organization is a good example of a(n)
a. multinational corporation.
b. nongovernmental organization.
c. intergovernmental organization.
d. global civil society.

c. intergovernmental organization.

9. Globalization is associated with the growing power of a host of nonstate or supra-state entities. What are the three major categories that these entities fall into?
a. multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations
b. interstate economic unions, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations
c. multinational corporations, nonprofit organizations, interstate economic unions
d. international regimes, interstate economic unions, nonprofit organizations

a. multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations

10. Political globalization has the most potential to lead to
a. growing state capacity but weakening autonomy.
b. growing state autonomy but weakening capacity.
c. weakening state autonomy and capacity.
d. strengthening state autonomy and capacity.

c. weakening state autonomy and capacity.

11. In which of the following ways did the Bretton Woods system differ from the Washington Consensus?
a. It created important, formal international organizations.
b. It placed less emphasis on the promotion of international trade.
c. It increased state control over international markets instead of reducing it.
d. It reduced the pace of globalization instead of advancing it.

a. It created important, formal international organizations.

12. Which of the following ultimately resulted from the establishment of the Bretton Woods system?
a. an increase in national sovereignty
b. the International Criminal Court
c. establishment of the World Trade Organization
d. greater national control over trade agreements

c. establishment of the World Trade Organization

13. The idea of Thomas Friedman's "golden straitjacket" is that globalization will
a. reduce all political decisions to economic ones.
b. limit an individual citizen's faith in traditional government.
c. bind states to international agreements that reduce violent conflict.
d. exacerbate competition among states for natural resources.

c. bind states to international agreements that reduce violent conflict.

14. Critics of globalization speak of the problem of a "democratic deficit," meaning
a. democratic processes within states will weaken and limit the power of citizens to elect their own regional governments.
b. nonstate organizations need to be given more power in order to keep states in check.
c. nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations will take on increasing democratic processes, reducing their ability to act quickly and efficiently.
d. the movement of power toward international organizations may reduce public representation and control.

d. the movement of power toward international organizations may reduce public representation and control.

15. Call centers and data processing are examples of what is known as
a. offshore outsourcing.
b. horizontal globalization.
c. localized globalization.
d. devolved labor.

a. offshore outsourcing

16. What aspect of globalization first came into being in the late nineteenth century?
a. the first truly global war
b. the first NGOs and IGOs
c. the first multinational corporations
d. the first transnational terrorist groups

b. the first NGOs and IGOs

17. The liberalizing view of globalization suggests that it will be a
a. threat to free trade.
b. mechanism for future prosperity.
c. process that will bleed away democratic structures.
d. tool for the diminishing of local arts and culture.

b. mechanism for future prosperity.

18. Optimists believe that societal globalization, through a process of "creative destruction," could lead to a form of
a. resurgent state sovereignty.
b. global anarchy.
c. transnational terrorism.
d. global cosmopolitanism.

d. global cosmopolitanism.

19. In the process of historical globalization, the late nineteenth century saw the rise of the first
a. NGOs and IGOs.
b. modern state structures.
c. international terrorist organizations.
d. multinational corporations.

a. NGOs and IGOs.

20. Some optimists argue that a global cosmopolitanism could pave the way for
a. a global civil society.
b. one world government.
c. "cyber-anarchism."
d. a common world religion.

a. a global civil society.

21. Which of the following statements about the extent of globalization is accurate?
a. Global foreign direct investment reached roughly $200 billion in 2015.
b. General Electric's total profits in 2015 were approximately the same as Great Britain's GDP at purchasing power parity.
c. In 2015, nearly a quarter of a billion people moved across international borders.
d. The number of MNCs actually shrank between 2003 and 2015 due to consolidation.

c. In 2015, nearly a quarter of a billion people moved across international borders.

22. In which of the following ways has sovereign authority reasserted itself over the last decade?
a. growth of multinational corporations
b. states forcing the reduction in the number of NGOs
c. sharp rise in tariff barriers
d. censorship of Internet websites by some states

d. censorship of Internet websites by some states

23. Rather than a universal process of economic deepening across the globe, much of what we think of as globalization is simply the
a. integration of China into the global market.
b. rise of the Indian economy.
c. liberalization of U.S. trade to allow more imports.
d. integration of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into the world economy and political order since 1989.

a. integration of China into the global market.

24. The 2010-14 World Values Survey shows that, when asked, over two-thirds of individuals identify themselves as
a. "world citizens."
b. ethnic nationalists.
c. admirers of Western values.
d. "virtual citizens."

a. "world citizens."

25. According to the 2010-14 World Values Survey, ________ showed less mistrust of nationalities other than their own than ________.
a. respondents under 29; respondents over 50
b. respondents over 50; respondents under 29
c. respondents from less-developed countries; respondents from more developed countries
d. respondents from more developed countries; respondents from less-developed countries

b. respondents over 50; respondents under 29

26. In his work The Economic Consequences of the Peace, economist John Maynard Keynes describes a period that seems to have many similarities to the current state of globalization. Which of the following is that period?
a. period before World War I
b. period before World War II
c. Cold War
d. rise of the Ottoman Empire

a. period before World War I

27. Which of the following statements about aspects of Bretton Woods and the Washington Consensus is accurate?
a. The Washington Consensus helped pave the way for the creation of institutions like the IMF and World Bank.
b. The IMF provides loans and technical assistance to advance development in less-developed countries.
c. A core goal of Bretton Woods was to help manage economic relations between countries, and the Washington Consensus advocated a reduction of states' control over the market.
d. Both Bretton Woods and the Washington Consensus advocated the maintenance of state-controlled industries in developing countries so that they could compete with the developed world.

c. A core goal of Bretton Woods was to help manage economic relations between countries, and the Washington Consensus advocated a reduction of states' control over the market.

28. Which of the following statements best describes a major concern of those who believe globalization will be detrimental to social progress?
a. Globalization reduces the number of choices, values, ideas, and information people are presented with.
b. A new global civil society may fuel the growth of new NGOs and IGOs.
c. Globalization may lead to a form of global cosmopolitanism.
d. Globalization has demonstrated that it can inspire increased levels of violent fundamentalism.

d. Globalization has demonstrated that it can inspire increased levels of violent fundamentalism.

29. Which of the following statements about the growth (or lack of growth) of globalization is accurate?
a. All international trade only accounts for about 25 percent of global GDP.
b. Developing countries still constitute less than a quarter of world GDP when measured by purchasing power parity.
c. Despite predictions to the contrary, global inequality has remained steady or grown slightly over the last three decades.
d. Globalization has largely ended the need for concentration of tech development in single locations like Silicon Valley.

a. All international trade only accounts for about 25 percent of global GDP.

30. In which of the following ways does the study of societal globalization differ from that of political globalization?
a. It largely focuses on the development of nonstate and supra-state organizations as rivals to the state.
b. It focuses on the formation of civil society that stretches beyond borders.
c. It largely ignores nationalist movements as part of global culture.
d. It rejects the concept of global cosmopolitanism.

b. It focuses on the formation of civil society that stretches beyond borders.

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