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Video by Anna Mcbride Numerade Educator This textbook answer is only visible when subscribed! Please subscribe to view the answerVideo Transcriptand this question. We're looking for the theory of emotion. It explains that emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal, and then this one, we're actually going to start with the second to here. So the Tractor Singer two factor theory of emotion includes the cognitive aspect of emotion, which right away we can eliminate because it is not a direct emotional experience arising from physiological. It's going to include that second factor of cognition so we can cross that one out and then our last option. Darwinian is not a theory of emotion and that when we can eliminate as well, so we're left with the 1st 2 James Lanes in Canon barred. So the James Laine's theory of emotion is going to state that physiological arousal must occur in order for an emotional experience or reaction to occur as a result. And then the cannon barred theory of emotion is going to state that physiological arousal and emotional arousal occur at the same time. So one is not going to be influenced by the other out of these two options. James Laine Jenkin and Barred Weaken. See, the one we're looking for is going to be James Laine judge, where physiological arousal directly leads to an emotional reaction. So your answer is going to be a Emotions are subjective experiences that consist of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal. Various theories have been put forward to explain our emotional experiences. The James-Lange theory asserts that emotions arise as a function of physiological arousal. The Cannon-Bard theory maintains that emotional experience occurs simultaneous to and independent of physiological arousal. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory suggests that physiological arousal receives cognitive labels as a function of the relevant context and that these two factors together result in an emotional experience. The limbic system is the brain’s emotional circuit, which includes the amygdala and the hippocampus. Both of these structures are implicated in playing a role in normal emotional processing as well as in psychological mood and anxiety disorders. Increased amygdala activity is associated with learning to fear, and it is seen in individuals who are at risk for or suffering from mood disorders. The volume of the hippocampus has been shown to be reduced in individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. The ability to produce and recognize facial expressions of emotions seems to be universal regardless of cultural background. However, there are cultural display rules which influence how often and under what circumstances various emotions can be expressed. Tone of voice and body language also serve as a means by which we communicate information about our emotional states. By Catherine A. Sanderson, Amherst College Psychologists have established emotions as a complex pattern of feelings, which includes three components: arousal (heart racing), cognitions (thoughts, explanations), and expressive behavior (smiles, frowns, tears). There is a widespread agreement that emotions consist of all the three components. But there’s less consensus on how these different components work together to lead to emotions. The James-Lange TheoryOne theory describing how we experience emotions, dating all the way back to the 19th century American psychologist William James, is the James-Lange Theory. According to this theory, we experience some stimulus, such as seeing a snake as we’re walking in the woods. That stimulus triggers physiological arousal—heart beating, rapid breathing, muscle tension—and it is how our body reacts that, in turn, causes a feeling of fear. The James-Lange theory basically says that your arousal is based on the stimulus, and your resulting behavior after the stimulus, determines the emotion you feel. If you notice your heart beating fast and then see an attractive person smiling at you in a bar, your facial muscles would smile back, and your immediate behavior would cause a feeling of happy attraction or lust, not fear. As William James put it, “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.” Questions on the James-Lange TheoryBut another model describing how we experience emotion calls into question this theory. Sticking with the snake example, if you see a snake, but don’t register the emotion of fear until after your body has reacted physiologically (heart beating fast, and so on) you probably won’t react fast enough to avoid it. In sum, our body’s physiological responses to a stimulus may occur too slowly to trigger sudden emotions.
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Simultaneous Arousal and EmotionAnother model, the Cannon-Bard theory, proposed in the 1920s that physiological arousal and emotional experience happen simultaneously. As per this theory, you don’t have to wait for your body to register a physical reaction before you experience an emotion. Impact of Findings From a ResearchHowever, the starting point of the James-Lange theory of arousal before emotion is now more widely accepted. This is based in part on research with men who became paralyzed from the neck down as a result of injuries sustained during World War II. These men reported a lower intensity of emotions that are linked with physiological responses that occur below the neck, such as a racing heart and clammy hands, presumably because they couldn’t actually feel this arousal. But they showed no changes in their ability to experience emotions that are linked with physiological responses that are mostly expressed in the head such as sadness, which is typically accompanied by lumps in the throat and tears. On the other hand, the Cannon-Bard theory did add an important insight into our understanding of emotions; information about the situation we are in does, even apart from physiological arousal, influence the emotion we feel. In other words, while James was correct that arousal comes first, it is also true that emotions are more than simply a function of the physiological arousal we feel. The Two-factor TheoryA third model describing the experience of emotion, developed in the 1960s, builds upon this awareness that emotion is determined by a combination of our physiological response and cues from the environment we’re in. According to this two-factor theory of emotion, physiological arousal definitely plays a role in the experience of emotion, but it’s not just the arousal, it’s also how we interpret or appraise, that arousal. Going beyond the straightforward examples from the James-Lange theory, the physical experience of arousal, the fact your heart is beating faster, is not uniquely distinct for each emotion. So, if you feel your heart beating rapidly, you look to your environment to make sense of your arousal. This theory is often referred to as the jukebox theory of emotion, with the idea that you put in your quarter, the quarter here is the arousal, then you push particular buttons, the buttons, in this case, are the situation that you are in, which determine your cognitive interpretation of that arousal. Each of the three models talked about so far differs in how they describe the various possible roles arousal and interpretation play in determining emotions. But it should be noticed that all three of these models propose that we experience some kind of stimulus, which leads to physiological arousal and emotion. Common Questions about How We Experience EmotionsQ: What are the three components of emotion? Psychologists have described emotions as a complex pattern of feelings, which includes three components: arousal (heart racing), cognitions (thoughts, explanations), and expressive behavior (smiles, frowns, tears). Emotions consist of all the three components. But there’s less consensus on how these different components work together to lead to emotions. Q: What is the James-Lange theory on emotion? The James-Lange theory says that your arousal is based on the stimulus, and your resulting behavior after the stimulus, determines the emotion you feel. We experience some stimulus, such as seeing a snake as we’re walking in the woods. That stimulus triggers physiological arousal—heart beating, rapid breathing, muscle tension—and it is how our body reacts that, in turn, causes a feeling of fear. Q: What is the two-factor theory of emotions? The two-factor theory builds upon this awareness that emotion is determined by a combination of our physiological response and cues from the environment we’re in. Physiological arousal definitely plays a role in the experience of emotion, but it’s not just the arousal, it’s also how we interpret or appraise, that arousal. Keep ReadingPsychology of Overreacting and the Social InfluenceDeveloping Emotional IntelligenceAre Women More Emotional Than Men?Which theory of emotion states that emotions arise from physiological arousal?The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened.
What is physiological arousal in emotion?Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.
What theories of emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events?This theory is one of the earliest attempts to explain what causes emotions. 1 Proposed independently by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggested that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
How does the JamesJames-Lange theory of emotion (1880s) proposed that bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience. Thus, emotions are caused by bodily sensations (you become happier when you smile, you are afraid because you run).
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What theory of emotion emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal?
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