This is a preview. Log in through your library. Show Journal Information The Journal of Educational Research is a well-known and respected periodical journal that reaches an international audience of educators and others concerned with cutting-edge theories and proposals. For 100 years, the journal has contributed to the advancement of educational practice in elementary and secondary schools by judicious study of the latest trends, examination of new procedures, evaluation of traditional practices, and replication of previous research. The journal is an invaluable resource for teachers, counselors, supervisors, administrators, curriculum planners, and educational researchers as they consider the structure of tomorrow's curricula. Special issues examine major education concerns in-depth. Theme topics include methodology, motivation, literacy, and professional development. Publisher Information Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidlyover the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher.The Group publishes over 800 journals and over 1,800 new books each year, coveringa wide variety of subject areas and incorporating the journal imprints of Routledge,Carfax, Spon Press, Psychology Press, Martin Dunitz, and Taylor & Francis.Taylor & Francis is fully committed to the publication and dissemination of scholarly information of the highest quality, and today this remains the primary goal. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection.  HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION HANDWRITING - It is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some defined handwriting as “visible speech.” KINDS OF WRITINGS: A.Cursive – connected; writing in which one letter is joined to the next. B.Script – separated or printed writing. C.BLOCK – all CAPITAL LETTERS. BASIS OF HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION: A.In Wignore's Principles of judicial Proof, handwriting is defined as a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain ideas associated with script form. B.Environment, education and occupation affect individuals so variously in the formation of these muscular habits that finally the act of writing becomes an almost automatic succession of acts stimulated by these habits. C.The imitation of the style of writing by another person becomes difficult because the other person cannot by mere will power reproduce in himself all the muscular combination from the habit of the first writer. NOTE: Is handwriting/signature identification an “exact science”? – In the hand of a qualified examiner operating under proper conditions, identification by means of handwriting/signature is certain. Proper conditions include – 1.sufficient questioned writing 2.sufficient known writing 3.sufficient time 4.use of scientific instruments PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING: In writing the pen functions as an extension of the hand. The fingers transmit to the paper, the directive impulse and the variation in muscular tension that according to the nature of the writer's nervous organization occur during the act or writing. This center near the motor area of the cortex is responsible for the finger movement involved in handwriting. The importance of this center is that when it becomes diseased as in a graphic, one loses the ability to write although he could still grasp a fountain pen, ball pen or pencil. Thus, the ability or power to hold a fountain pen or pencil to form symbols and words can be said to emanate from its cortical center. Two Groups of Muscles Involve in Handwriting: 1.extensor muscles - push up the pen to form the upward strokes 2. flexor muscleswhich push the pen to from the downward strokes. What muscle group pushes the pen downward strokes of our handwriting?Flexor muscles- push the pen to form the downward strokes.
What is the muscles involved when the pen is push upward stroke of writing?extensor muscles - push up the pen to form the upward strokes 2.
What muscle movements are involved in handwriting?The lumbrical muscles of the hands are important in handwriting. They are used to hold the pencil in a functional grasp. Advancing the pencil in an upward motion using the joints of the fingers require strength and endurance of the lumbrical muscles.
What is pen jump in handwriting?HIATUS/PEN JUMP – a gap occurring between a continuous stroked without lifting the pen. Such as occurrence usually occurs due to speed. The hiatus may also be stated as pen jump. –
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What is the muscles involved when the pen is push downward stroke of writing?
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