A ranked-choice voting system (RCV) is an electoral system in which voters rank candidates by preference on their ballots. If a candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, he or she is declared the winner. If no candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated. First-preference votes cast for the failed candidate are eliminated, lifting the second-preference choices indicated on those ballots. A new tally is conducted to determine whether any candidate has won a majority of the adjusted votes. The process is repeated until a candidate wins an outright majority.[1][2] See the sections below for additional information on the following topics:
Note: The term instant-runoff voting is sometimes used as a synonym for ranked-choice voting. In other contexts, the term instant-runoff voting is used to describe a specific form of ranked-choice voting. This article deals largely with this form of ranked-choice voting because it is the dominant form used in the United States. Other variations of ranked-choice voting include single-transferable voting, "Round Robin" (also known as "Condorcet") voting. Background
How ranked-choice voting worksBroadly speaking, the ranked-choice voting process unfolds as follows for single-winner elections:
ExampleAssume that there are four candidates for mayor in a hypothetical city. The table below presents the raw first-preference vote totals for each candidate.
In the above scenario, no candidate won an outright majority of first-preference votes. As a result, the candidate (Candidate D) with the smallest number of first-preference votes is eliminated. The ballots that listed candidate D as the first preference are adjusted, raising their second-preference candidates. Assume that, of the 75 first-preference votes for Candidate D, 50 listed Candidate A as their second preference and 25 listed Candidate B. The adjusted vote totals would be as follows:
On the second tally, Candidate A secured 51.22 percent of the vote, thereby winning the election. Note: The above is a simplified example used for illustrative purposes. Specific procedures vary by jurisdiction and according to the nature of the election (i.e., whether it is a single-winner or multi-winner contest). Example #2The term instant-runoff voting is sometimes used as a synonym for ranked-choice voting. In other contexts, the term instant-runoff voting is used to describe ranked-choice voting processes used in single-winner elections. The term single-transferable voting is also sometimes used synonymously with ranked-choice voting. Single-transferable voting can be more narrowly construed to refer to ranked-choice voting processes used in multi-winner elections.[1][3] The term ballot exhaustion is used to describe situations in which a ballot is no longer countable because all of the candidates marked on the ballot are no longer in the contest. This can occur in ranked-choice voting. In cases where a voter has ranked only candidates that did not make it to the final round of counting, the voter's ballot is said to have been exhausted.[4][5] Ranked-choice voting in the United StatesAs of June 2022, two states (Alaska and Maine) had implemented ranked-choice voting federal and/or state-level elections. One state (Hawaii) had adopted but not yet implemented RCV in federal special elections and special elections to fill vacancies on county councils. Another eight states contained jurisdictions that had implemented RCV at the local level. Another four states contained jurisdictions that had adopted but not yet implemented RCV in local elections. See the map and table below for further details.[6]
Support and oppositionSupportThe Committee for Ranked Choice Voting, which supported the 2016 Maine ballot measure that approved the use of RCV in statewide elections, made the following arguments in favor of RCV:[9]
Greg Orman, in a 2016 article for Real Clear Politics, made the following argument in support of RCV:[11]
FairVote, an organization that advocates for the adoption of electoral reforms such as ranked-choice voting (RCV), argues that RCV, in combination with other electoral reforms, can foster the development of legislative bodies that better represent the diversity of their constituencies:[12]
OppositionLouis Jacobson, in a 2013 article for Governing, summarized some of the arguments against ranked-choice voting (RCV):[13]
In a 2016 article for Democracy, Simon Waxman contended that RCV is not necessarily more likely to produce more moderate candidates or more diverse legislative bodies, as some proponents of RCV contend:[14]
Gordon Weil, a former Maine state agency head and municipal selectman, argued in a 2015 piece for CentralMaine.com that RCV runs counter to the democratic process:[15]
State legislationSee also: Electoral systems legislation at the state and city levels in the United States, 2019The map below provides the number of ranked-choice voting bills that have been introduced in each state as of October 2022. Hover over a state to see the exact number of bills. A darker shade of red indicates a greater number of relevant bills. In those states shaded in white, relevant bills have not been introduced. For state-specific details, click a state in the map below or select a state from the drop-down menu beneath the map. On doing so, a list of state legislation will display, including information about bill status and links to full text. This information is provided by BillTrack50.com. To return to the map, click "Back" in the upper righthand corner of the legislation list. The following is a list of recent ranked-choice voting bills that have been introduced in or passed by state legislatures. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan. Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently. Ballot measuresThe term ballot measures describes all questions or issues that appear on election ballots for voters to approve or reject. Ballot measures may apply to state and local jurisdictions (including cities, counties, special districts, etc.). Initiatives permit citizens to propose (or initiate) statutes or constitutional amendments via petition. Referenda allow citizens to refer statutes passed by legislatures to the ballot for enactment or repeal by voters. Legislative referrals appear on voters' ballots as a result of actions taken by legislatures; these can include state statutes, constitutional amendments, and bond issues. The sections below list ballot measures related to electoral systems and campaign laws, including certified measures, potential measures, and measures that did not make the ballot. Statewide measures2022Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) pertaining to electoral systems for 2022.
2021Ballotpedia tracked no statewide ballot measures pertaining to electoral systems for 2021. 2020Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) pertaining to electoral systems for 2020.
2019Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) pertaining to electoral systems for 2019.
Local ballot measuresBallotpedia has tracked the following local ballot measures pertaining to electoral systems.
See alsoSelect a state on the map below to read more about electoral systems in that state. http://ballotpedia.org/Electoral_systems_in_STATE
External links
Footnotes
What do most Texas cases deal with quizlet?Most courts in Texas deal with: Criminal complaints; policy questions; controversies between individuals; or hypothetical complaints and other questions of law?
Which of the following types of Texas judges are selected by partisan elections quizlet?Both trial court judged and appellate court judges are selected via partisan elections in Texas.
How are appellate court judges selected in Texas?The Texas constitution provides that district and appellate judges will be chosen by popular election. Only a judicial candidate who has been designated a winner of a party primary is allowed to run on the official ballot in the general election unless the candidate meets a rigorous independent campaign requirement.
When compared to other states how does Texas rank in terms of incarceration rates quizlet?Currently, Texas has the fifth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the country, with 154,000 persons in prison.
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What is the most often called for fixed to the problems caused by straight ticket voting in Texas quizlet?
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