What is the formula in finding the present value of an ordinary annuity identify each variable?

Present Value of Annuities

The present value of any annuity is equal to the sum of all of the present values of all of the annuity payments when they are moved to the beginning of the first payment interval. For example, assume you will receive $1,000 annual payments at the end of every payment interval for the next three years from an investment earning 10% compounded annually. How much money needs to be in the annuity at the start to make this happen? In this case, you have an ordinary simple annuity.

With an annuity due, the first payment occurs at the beginning of the first period. The key difference is that the annuity due has one less compound of interest to remove.

The Formula

[latex]\colorbox{LightGray}{Formula 11.3A}\; \color{BlueViolet}{\text{Ordinary Annuity Present Value:}\; PV_{ORD}=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i}\right]}[/latex]

[latex]\colorbox{LightGray}{Formula 11.3B}\; \color{BlueViolet}{\text{Annuity Due Present Value:}\; PV_{DUE}=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i}\right] \times(1+i)}[/latex]

where,

PMT is the regular payment amount.
i is the periodic interest rate.
n is the total number of payments.

Important Notes

How to Use the Present Value Formula for Ordinary Annuities and Annuities Due

For you need to calculate the periodic interest rate, i.

[latex]i=\frac{I/Y}{C/Y}[/latex]

For you need to calculate the equivalent periodic rate (ieq) that matches the payment interval using the formula

[latex]i{eq}=(1+i)^{\frac{C/Y}{P/Y}}-1[/latex]

where,

i is the given periodic rate.
C/Y is the number of compounds per year.
P/Y is the number of payments per year.

The present value formula for then becomes

[latex]PV_{ORD}=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i_{eq})^{-n}}{i_{eq}}\right][/latex]

[latex]PV_{DUE}=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i_{eq})^{-n}}{i_{eq}}\right] \times(1+i_{eq})[/latex]

How It Works

There is a five-step process for calculating the present value of any ordinary annuity or annuity due.

Step 1: Identify the annuity type. Draw a timeline to visualize the question.

Step 2: Identify the known variables, including FV, I/Y, C/Y, PMT, P/Y, and Years.

Step 3: Calculate the periodic interest rate (i). See Important Notes above.

Calculate the number of payments (n) using the formula

[latex]n= P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}[/latex]

Step 4: If FV = $0, proceed to step 5. If there is a nonzero value for FV, treat it like a single payment and calculate the present value PV1 using Formula 9.3A.

[latex]\begin{align}PV_1&=\frac{FV}{(1+i)^n}\end{align}[/latex]

Step 5: Apply Formulas 11.3A or 11.3B to calculate the present value of the payments.
If you calculated a present value in step 4, combine the present values from steps 4 and 5 to arrive at the total present value.

Important Notes

Calculating the Interest Amount

If you are interested in knowing how much interest was removed in the calculation of the present value you can use the formula 

[latex]I=(n \times PMT+FV)-PV[/latex]

where,

n is the number of payments made.
PMT is the amount of payment.
FV is the balance still owing.
PV is the principal amount or present value.

Your BAII Plus Calculator

Adapting your calculator skills to suit annuities requires the following changes:

1. Enter your values for FV (if known) and PMT. Be sure to enter it with the correct cash flow sign convention. 
2. Enter your values for P/Y and C/Y separately. Access the function by pressing 2nd P/Y to find the following entry fields, through which you can scroll using your arrow buttons. To enter any information into one of these fields, scroll to the field on your screen, key in the data, and press Enter. When you enter a value into the P/Y field, the calculator will automatically copy the value into the C/Y field for you. If in fact the C/Y is different, you can change the number manually. To exit the P/Y window, press 2nd Quit.

Concept Check

Rodriguez is planning on having an annual gross income of $50,000 at the end of every year when he retires at age 65. He is planning for the account to be emptied by age 78, which is the average life expectancy for a Canadian man. If the account earns 5.1% compounded annually, what amount of funds needs to be in the account when he retires?

Solution:

Step 1: The payments are at the end of the payment intervals, and the compounding period and payment intervals are the same. This is, therefore, an ordinary simple annuity. Calculate its value at the start, which is its present value, or PVORD.

The timeline for the client’s account appears below.

Step 2: Given information:

FV = $0; I/Y = 5.1%; C/Y = 1; PMT = $50,000; P/Y = 1; Years = 13

Step 3: Calculate the periodic interest rate, i.

[latex]i=\frac{I/Y}{C/Y}=\frac{5.1\%}{1}=5.1\%[/latex]

Step 4: Since FV=$0, skip this step.

Step 5: Apply Formula 9.3A to calculate the present value of the payments, PVORD.

[latex]n= P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=1 \times 13=13[/latex]

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{ORD}&=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i}\right]\\ &=\$50,\!000\left[\frac{1-(1+0.051)^{-13}}{0.051}\right]\\ &=\$50,\!000\left[\frac{0.476201}{0.051}\right]\\ &=\$466,\!863.69 \end{align}[/latex]

Therefore, PVORD = PV = $466,863.69

Calculator instructions:

The figure shows how much principal and interest make up the payments. Rodriguez will need to have $466,863.69 in his account when he turns 65 if he wants to receive 13 years of $50,000 payments.

Recalculate Example 11.3.1 applying three changes:

1. Rodriguez wants to leave a $100,000 inheritance for his children (assuming he dies at age 78).
2. Payments are at the beginning of the year.
3. His interest rate is 5.1% compounded semi-annually.

Calculate the present value and the amount of interest.

Solution:

Step 1: The payments are made at the beginning of the payment intervals, and the compounding period (semiannually) and payment intervals (annually) are different. This is now a general annuity due. Calculate its value at the start, which is its present value, or PVDUE.

The timeline for the client’s account appears below.

Step 2: Given information:

FV = $100,000; I/Y = 5.1%; C/Y = 2; PMT = $50,000; P/Y=1; Years = 1

Step 3: Since P/Y [latex]\ne[/latex] C/Y, calculate the equivalent periodic rate (ieq) that matches the payment interval.

[latex]i=\frac{I/Y}{C/Y}=\frac{5.1\%}{2}=2.55\%[/latex]

[latex]i_{eq}=(1+i)^{\frac{C/Y}{P/Y}}-1=(1+0.0255)^{\frac{2}{1}}-1=0.05165025\;\text{per year}[/latex]

Step 4: Apply Formula 9.3A to calculate the present value, PV1.

FV = $100,000;

[latex]n=P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=1 \times 13=13[/latex]

[latex]\begin{align} PV_1&=\frac{FV}{(1+i_{eq})^n}\\ &=\frac{\$100,\!000}{(1+0.05165025)^{13}}\\ &=\$51,\!960.42776 \end{align}[/latex]

Step 5:Apply Formula 11.3A to calculate the present value of the payments, PVDUE.

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{DUE}&=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i_{eq})^{-n}}{i_{eq}}\right] \times(1+i_{eq})\\ &=\$50,\!000 \left[\frac{1-(1+0.05165025)^{-13}}{0.05165025}\right] \times(1+0.05165025)\\ &=\$489,\!066.6372 \end{align}[/latex]

Combine steps 4 and 5 to calculate the total present value, PV.

PV = $51,960.42776 + $489,066.6372 = $541,027.07

Step 6: Calculate the amount of interest.

[latex]\begin{align} I&=(n \times PMT+FV)-PV\\ &=(13 \times \$50,\!000+\$100,\!000)-\$541,\!027.07\\ &=\$750,\!000-\$541,\!027.07\\ &=\$208,\!972.93 \end{align}[/latex]

Calculator instructions:

The figure shows how much principal and interest make up the payments. Rodriguez will require more money, needing to have $541,027.07 in his account when he turns 65 if he wants to receive 13 years of $50,000 payments while leaving a $100,000 inheritance for his children. His account will earn $208,972.93 over the time frame.

Continuing with the previous two examples, Rodriguez realizes that during his retirement he needs to make some type of adjustment to his annual gross income to account for the rising cost of living. Consequently, he will take $50,000 at the beginning of each year for six years, then increase it to $60,000 for the balance. Assume his interest rate is still 5.1% semiannually and that he still wants to leave a $100,000 inheritance for his children. How much money needs to be in his retirement fund at age 65?

Solution:

Step 1: There is a change of variables after six years. As a result, you need two time segments. In both segments, payments are made at the beginning of the period, and the compounding periods and payment intervals are different. These are two consecutive general annuities due. You need to calculate the resulting present value, or PVDUE.

The timeline for the client’s account appears below.

Step 2: Given information:

Time Segment 1: FV = $100,000; I/Y = 5.1%; C/Y = 2; PMT = $60,000; P/Y = 1; Years = 7

Time Segment 2: FV = PV1; I/Y = 5.1%; C/Y = 2; PMT = $50,000; P/Y = 1; Years = 6

For the first time segment:

Step 3: Since P/Y [latex]\ne[/latex] C/Y, calculate the equivalent periodic rate (ieq) that matches the payment interval.

[latex]i=\frac{I/Y}{C/Y}=\frac{5.1\%}{2}=2.55\%[/latex]

[latex]i_{eq}=(1+i)^{\frac{C/Y}{P/Y}}-1=(1+0.0255)^{\frac{2}{1}}-1=0.05165025\;\text{per year}[/latex]

Step 4: Apply Formula 9.3A to calculate the present value, PV(1).

FV=$100,000;

[latex]n=P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=1 \times 7=7[/latex]

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{(1)}&=\frac{FV}{(1+i_{eq})^n}\\ &=\frac{\$100,\!000}{(1+0.05165025)^{7}}\\ &=\$70,\!291.15736 \end{align}[/latex]

Step 5:Apply Formula 11.3B to calculate the present value of the payments.

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{DUE_1}&=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i_{eq})^{-n}}{i_{eq}}\right] \times(1+i_{eq})\\ &=\$60,\!000 \left[\frac{1-(1+0.05165025)^{-7}}{0.05165025}\right] \times(1+0.05165025)\\ &=\$362,\!940.8778 \end{align}[/latex]

Combine steps 4 and 5 to calculate the total present value PV1.

PV1 = $70,291.15736 + $362,940.8778 = $433,232.0352 = FV1

This becomes the future value for the second time segment.

For the second time segment:

Step 3: ieq = 0.05165025 remains the same.

Step 4: Calculate the present value PV(2) of step 4 in the first time segment.

 PV1 = $433,232.0352 = FV1;

[latex]n=P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=2  \times 6=6[/latex]

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{(2)}&=\frac{FV_1}{(1+i_{eq})^n}\\ &=\frac{\$433,\!232.0352}{(1+0.05165025)^6}\\ &=\$320,\!252.5426 \end{align}[/latex]

Step 5: Apply Formula 11.3B to calculate the present value of the payments.

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{DUE_2}&=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i_{eq})^{-n}}{i_{eq}}\right] \times(1+i_{eq})\\ &=\$50,\!000 \left[\frac{1-(1+0.05165025)^{-6}}{0.05165025}\right] \times(1+0.05165025)\\ &=\$265,\!489.8749 \end{align}[/latex]

Combine steps 4 and 5 to calculate the total present value, PV2.

PV2 = $320,252.5426 + $265,489.8749 = $585,742.42

Therefore, PV2 = PV = $585,742.42

Calculator instructions:

The figure shows how much principal and interest make up the payments. To have his retirement income increased by $10,000 after six years, Rodriguez needs to have $585,742.42 invested in his retirement fund at age 65.

Working with Loans

Solving for a future loan balance is a future value annuity calculation. Therefore, you use the same steps as discussed in Section 11.2. However, you need to modify your interpretation of these steps for loan balances. The figure below helps you understand these differences.

FV1 represents the total amount owing on the loan with interest as if no payments had been made.

FVORD represents the total amount paid against the loan with interest. 

With both the FV1 and FVORD on the same focal date, the fundamental concept of the time value of money allows you to then take the FV1 and subtract the FVORD to produce the balance owing on the loan.

Your BAII Plus Calculator

Proper application of the cash flow sign convention for the present value and annuity payment will automatically result in a future value that nets out the loan principal and the payments. Assuming you are the borrower, you enter the present value (PV) as a positive number since you are receiving the money. You enter the annuity payment (PMT) as a negative number since you are paying the money. When you calculate the future value (FV), it displays a negative number, indicating that it is a balance owing.

Concept Check

Two years ago, Jillian purchased a new Ford F-250 for $71,482.08 with a $5,000 down payment and the remainder financed through her Ford dealership at 5.9% compounded monthly. She has been making monthly payments of $1,282.20. What is her balance owing today? How much interest has she paid to date?

Solution:

Step 1: The payments are made at the end of the payment intervals, and the compounding period and payment intervals are the same. Therefore, this is a simple ordinary annuity. Calculate its value two years after its start, which is its future value, or FVORD. Once you know the FVORD, you can determine the amount of interest, or I.

The timeline for the savings annuity appears below.

Step 2: Given information.

PV = $71,482.08 – $5,000 = $66,482.08; I/Y = 5.9%; C/Y = 12; PMT = $1,282.20; P/Y = 12; Years = 2

Step 3: Calculate the periodic interest rate, i.

[latex]i=\frac{I/Y}{C/Y}=\frac{5.9\%}{12}=0.491\overline{6}\%[/latex]

Step 4: Calculate the balance owing with interest, FV1.

PV=$66,482.08;

[latex]n=P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=12 \times 2=24[/latex]

[latex]FV_1=PV(1+i)^n=\$66,\!482.08(1+0.00491\overline{6})^{24}=\$74,\!786.94231[/latex]

Step 5: Calculate the amount paid with interest, FVORD.

[latex]\begin{align} FV_{ORD}&=PMT \left[ \frac{(1+i)^n-1}{i}\right]\\ &=\$1,\!282.20 \left[ \frac{(1+0.00491\overline{6})^{24}-1}{0.00491\overline{6}}\right]\\ &=\$32,\!577.13179 \end{align}[/latex]

Subtract step 5 from step 4 to calculate the balance still owing, FV.

FV = $74,786.94231 – $32,577.13179 = $42,209.81

Step 6: Calculate the amount of interest.

[latex]\begin{align} I&=(n \times PMT+FV)-PV\\ &=(24 \times \$1,\!282.20+\$42,\!209.81)-\$66,\!482.08\\ &=\$72,\!982.61-\$66,\!482.08\\ &=\$6,\!500.53 \end{align}[/latex]

Calculator instructions:

The figure shows how much principal and interest make up the payments. After two years of making monthly payments, Jillian has a balance owing on the Ford F-250 of $42,209.81. Altogether, she has made $30,772.80 in payments, of which $6,500.53 went toward the interest on her loan.

Selling a Loan Contract

Thus, the selling of a loan contract needs to calculate the present value of all remaining annuity payments in the term.

Note: If the final payment is the same as the regular periodic payment you only need to calculate the present value of annuity payments, or PVORD to find the selling price of a loan contract.

Continuing with Jillian’s Ford F-250 purchase, recall that Jillian’s monthly payments are fixed at $1,282.20 for five years. Assume that after two years Ford wants to sell the contract to another finance company, which agrees to a discount rate of 10.8% compounded semi-annually. Jillian’s final payment is known at $1,282.49. What are the proceeds of the sale?

Solution:

Step 1: The payments are made at the end of the payment intervals, and the compounding period (semi-annually) and payment intervals (monthly) are different. Therefore, this is an ordinary general annuity. Calculate its value on the date of sale, which is its present value, or PVORD, plus the present value of the final payment, or PV1.

Step 2: Given information.

FV = $1,282.49; I/Y = 10.8%; C/Y = 2; PMT = $1,282.20; P/Y = 12; Years = 3

Step 3: Since P/Y [latex]\ne[/latex] C/Y, calculate the equivalent periodic rate (ieq) that matches the payment interval.

[latex]i=\frac{I/Y}{C/Y}=\frac{10.8\%}{2}=5.4\%[/latex]

[latex]i_{eq}=(1+i)^{\frac{C/Y}{P/Y}}-1=(1+0.054)^{\frac{2}{12}}-1=0.008803937\;\text{per month}[/latex]

Step 4: Calculate the present value, PV1, of the last payment.

FV = $1,282.49;

[latex]n=P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=12 \times 3=36[/latex]

[latex]\begin{align} PV_1&=\frac{FV}{(1+i_{eq})^n}\\ &=\frac{\$1,\!282.49}{(1+0.008803937)^{36}}\\ &=\$935.427906 \end{align}[/latex]

Step 5: Apply Formula 11.3A to calculate the present value of the payments, PVORD.

[latex]n=P/Y \times \text{(Number of Years)}=12 \times 3-1=35[/latex]

[latex]\begin{align} PV_{ORD}&=PMT \left[\frac{1-(1+i_{eq})^{-n}}{i_{eq}}\right]\\ &=\$1,\!282.20\left[\frac{1-(1+0.008803937)^{-35}}{0.008803937}\right]\\ &=\$38,\!477.10711 \end{align}[/latex]

Combine steps 4 and 5 to calculate proceeds of the sale, PV.

PV = $935.427906 + $38,477.10711 = $39,412.51

Calculator instructions:

The figure shows the present value and interest amounts in the transaction. The finance company will pay $39,412.54 for the contract. In return, it receives 35 payments of $1,282.20 and one payment of $1,282.49 for a nominal total of $46,159.49.

In each of the exercises that follow, try them on your own. Full solutions are available should you get stuck.

1. When Sinbad retires, he expects his RRSP to pay him $2,000 at the end of every month for 25 years. If his retirement annuity earns 3.8% compounded quarterly, how much money does he need to have in his RRSP when he retires? (Answer: $387,444.19)

1. Sandy’s parents would like to have an annuity pay her $500 at the beginning of every month from September 1, 2012, to April 1, 2017, to help with her university tuition and living expenses. On May 1, 2017, they would like to give her a graduation gift of $5,000. If the annuity can earn 6.15% compounded quarterly, how much money must be in the account on September 1, 2012? (Use years and months in the calculations). (Answer: $28,188.43)

Note: Solution to exercises are demonstrated using the calculator only.

Timelines for exercises 1 and 2 are included in Solutions to Exercises.

Image Descriptions

Figure 11.3.1: Timeline showing PV = ? at Age 65. FV= $0 at Age 78. 5.1% annually. PMT = $50,000 per year (END) [Back to Figure 11.3.1]

Figure 11.3.2: Timeline showing PV = ? at Age 65. FV= $100,000 at Age 78. 5.1% annually. PMT = $50,000 per year (BGN) [Back to Figure 11.3.2]

Figure 11.3.3: Timeline showing FV = $100,000 at Age 78 moving back to Age 71 as PV1. Time Segment 1 with 5.1% semi-annually and PMT = $60,000 per year (BGN). PV1 at Age 71 moving back to Age 65 as PV2. Time Segment 2 with 5.1% semi-annually and PMT = $50,000 per year (BGN). [Back to Figure 11.3.3]

Figure 11.3.L: Timeline showing Amount of money borrowed (PV) at Day loan taken out moved to Future Date as Future value of the loan (FV1). Interest on the loan throughout. Periodic loan payments (PMT) at END moved to Future date as Future value of the payments (FVord). At Future date, Balance owing with interest (FV1) minus Amount paid with interest (FVord) equals Balance still owing (FV). [Back to Figure 11.3.L]

Figure 11.3.4: Timeline: PV = $71,482.08 – $5,000 (down payment) = $66,482.08 loan at 2 years ago moved to Today as FV1 (Future Value of the Loan). 5.9% monthly throughout. PMT = $1,282.20 per month (END) moved to Today as Future value of the payments (FVord). At Future date, Balance owing with interest (FV1) minus Amount paid with interest (FVord) equals Balance still owing (FV). [Back to Figure 11.3.4]

Figure 11.3.PVL: Timeline showing PV = ? at Date of Loan Contract Sale. Interest on the loan throughout. Adjusted last payment at End of Loan Contract moved back to Date of Loan Contract Sale as PV1 (using negotiated interest rate as your discount rate). Periodic loan payments (PMT) at END moved back to Date of Loan Contract Sale as PVord (using as Future value of the payments (FVord) (using negotiated interest rate as your discount rate). At Date of Loan Contract Sale, PV of annuity payments (PVord) minus PV of last payment (PV1) equals Total PV (Proceeds of sale). [Back to Figure 11.3.PVL]

Figure 11.3.5: Timeline showing PV = ? at 2 years after start of loan. Interest at 10.8% semi-annually loan throughout. Final payment = $1,282.49 at 5 years after the start of loan moved back to 2 years after the start of the loan as PV1. PMT = $1,282.20 per month (END) moved back to 2 years after start of loan as PVord. At 2 years after start of loan, PV of annuity payments (PVord) minus PV of last payment (PV1) equals Total PV (Proceeds of sale). [Back to Figure 11.3.5]