What is the amount for the sale of goods to be in writing under the NJ statute of frauds?

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section a contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker. A writing is not insufficient because it omits or incorrectly states a term agreed upon but the contract is not enforceable under this paragraph beyond the quantity of goods shown in such writing.

(2) Between merchants if within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the contract and sufficient against the sender is received and the party receiving it has reason to know its contents, it satisfies the requirements of subsection (1) against such party unless written notice of objection to its contents is given within 10 days after it is received.

(3) A contract which does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (1) but which is valid in other respects is enforceable

• (a) if the goods are to be specially manufactured for the buyer and are not suitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller's business and the seller, before notice of repudiation is received and under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the goods are for the buyer, has made either a substantial beginning of their manufacture or commitments for their procurement; or
• (b) if the party against whom enforcement is sought admits in his pleading, testimony or otherwise in court that a contract for sale was made, but the contract is not enforceable under this provision beyond the quantity of goods admitted; or
• (c) with respect to goods for which payment has been made and accepted or which have been received and accepted (Sec. 2-606).

Do the Parties to the Contract Have Legal Capacity?

Now that sounds like a mouthful, but it’s quite elementary. Let me explain. In order to be bound to a contract, the parties must be deemed legally competent. Underage persons and persons who are mentally ill usually are not held to the contracts they enter. A similar concept involves corporations who fail to properly register to do business in New Jersey. Be careful on this point because it can open the signer to personal liability under the contract.

Mistake, Duress, and Fraud; the Most Commonly Used Defenses in a New Jersey Contract Dispute

A Mistake by both parties to a contract on an important issue makes the contract unenforceable. A mistake means an error or misunderstanding of a material fact contained in the contract. However, a mistake by only one party does not necessarily make the contract void.

Duress is physical force or mental pressure used by one party to make the other party agree to the contract. Duress is considered to affect the fairness and independence of the contract. The use of duress makes the contract voidable by the party put under duress. If, for example, I need credit to launch a product and I tell that to a party with money to lend, if I’m desperate and the creditor charges 20% interest, that’s likely economic duress.

Fraud is the intentional misrepresentation of an important fact in a contract. The presence of fraud in a contract makes the contract voidable by the party upon whom the fraud was perpetrated. Fraud can be an affirmative misrepresentation or a concealed failure to disclose a known fact. Claims of fraud under a contract are often made to get out of a “bad deal” by one party to the contract.

Unconscionability of the Underlying Contract; It’s Hard to Establish but Very Effective if Proven.

A contract may be unenforceable if it is found by a court to be flagrantly unfair. This defense is usually found in consumer cases, in which a person buys an item under terms so grossly unfair to the customer that the court refuses to enforce the contract.

Statute of Frauds; Put Your New Jersey Contract in Writing or Face the Risk!

The law of contracts often refers to a legal term called the Statute of Frauds. This is a complex term which mandates that certain types of contracts be in writing, if they are to be enforceable. The defense that the contract falls within the Statute of Frauds means that the agreement must be shown to be “in writing” and contain certain minimum terms and provisions in order to be legally enforced in court. In the absence of such writing, the legal proceeding to enforce the contract will be dismissed.

What type of contracts fall within the Statute of Frauds?

1. A Contract that will last longer than one (1) year.
2. A contract for the sale of real estate or an interest in real property must be in writing and signed by the party to be charged.
3. A promise to pay or guarantee payment for the debt of another.  Illustration. The promise of an individual to guarantee payment of the debt(s) of his or her corporation or LLC must be in writing and signed by him/her individually if it is to be enforceable against him or her personally.
4. A contract for the sale of goods $500 or more in value is required to be in writing in NJ. It must be signed by the party against whom enforcement is to be sought.

The writing required in a contract for the sale of goods need not be a formal contract. It can be a memorandum, e-mail, letter or note to indicate that a contract was made, and its terms.

Sometimes a writing is not required if the product to be manufactured is especially for the buyer and is not suitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of business. These are special and unique exceptions to the law on SOF’s that require especially good facts to win.

Illustration. If a custom furniture manufacturer enters into a contract to manufacture furniture according to the specifications of the buyer, his commitment does not have to be in writing to be enforced, if clearly proven.

Fredrick P. Niemann Esq.

As you can see, there are many potential defenses that can be alleged to avoid performance of a contract. But I have not listed every possible defense, only the major defenses. If you’re caught up in a contract that needs to be defended for or against its terms, you need to contact me. Together we can figure it out.

If you have any questions about defenses to a New Jersey contract, then please contact Fredrick P. Niemann, Esq. at or call him toll-free at (855) 376-5291.

Written by Fredrick P. Niemann, Esq. of Hanlon Niemann & Wright, a Monmouth County New Jersey Contract Attorney