What impact did the growth of the cattle industry have on ranchers in the West Inquizitive?

Introduction

Humans have used livestock grazing to adapt to arid landscapes for millennia (Clutton-Brock, 1989), but as livestock production has become embedded in a complex transnational meat supply chain, new strategies are needed to ensure sustainable production into the future. In the United States, about 25,000 cattle ranches are located in the arid and semi-arid Southwest1. These ranches produce ~6% of the cows that provide calves for the US beef industry, making Southwestern ranching essential not only to local communities, economies, and landscapes, but to the nation's overall beef supply, as well (Havstad et al., 2018; USDA-NASS, 2020). However, the fragility of the predominant supply chain emanating from the Southwest coupled with increasing heat and drought are threatening the capacity of Southwestern ranchers to produce beef sustainably (Gershunov et al., 2013; Polley et al., 2013; Havstad et al., 2018; McIntosh et al., 2019; Hendrickson, 2020).

Most calves weaned on the cow-calf ranches of the Southwest are exported to the Ogallala Aquifer region2 for backgrounding, grain finishing, and meat sales (Johnson and Becker, 2009; Buhnerkempe et al., 2013; Blank et al., 2016). The Ogallala Aquifer region also imports grain from the Upper Midwest3 to meet feeding quotas not filled by local feed production (Gottschalk, 2007; Guerrero et al., 2013). Problems in one link of this inter-regional supply chain can compromise resilience of the entire chain. Moreover, interventions designed to solve problems in one region affect, and are affected by, ecological and socioeconomic dynamics in connected regions. Therefore, to foster beef production that is truly sustainable – that is, that satisfies dietary demand, protects environmental quality, and ensures economic security and good quality of life for producers and society (National Research Council, 2010; Kleinman et al., 2018) – we must understand the performance of beef production in multiple realms and in the multiple regions connected by supply and demand (Liu, 2017).

With these goals in mind, three strategies show promise for improving sustainability of beef production originating in the US Southwest and the regions connected to it: heritage cattle genetics, precision ranching, and alternative supply chain options. Here we summarize the major challenges to the sustainability of Southwest beef production, provide rationale for evaluating these three strategies as ways to address the challenges, and report early results of our multi-disciplinary, multi-year approach to understanding the benefits and drawbacks associated with each strategy (Figure 1). Our approach was funded in 2019 as a 5-year Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) by the United States Department of Agriculture – National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA-AFRI #2019-69012-29853, www.swbeef.org). Here we report results of the first year of the “Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP.”

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. The Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP is investigating three strategies with potential to improve sustainability of beef production originating from the American Southwest, using a boundary-spanning approach of education, participatory research, and extension.

Sustainability Challenges for Southwest Beef Production

Sustainability Challenges on Pasture and Ranch Scales

Similar to other arid landscapes worldwide, range pastures of the American Southwest tend to be large and heterogeneous. Frequent use of particular locations by cattle can result in perennial grass loss (Bestelmeyer et al., 2018), soil degradation (Nash et al., 2003), and increased dust emissions (Baddock et al., 2011) – all of which diminish cattle weight gains (Holechek, 1992). Manipulating fencing, water locations, and timing of use are common approaches to improving livestock distribution in rangelands (Heitschmidt and Taylor, 1991; Owens et al., 1991). These interventions, however, can be cost-prohibitive to establish and maintain in arid systems (Hunt et al., 2007).

High input costs coupled with external market forces contribute to rates of return varying from net losses to only +3% on annual investment in the ranches of the American Southwest – significantly lower than the 6% received by US agriculture on the whole (Torell et al., 2001; USDA-ERS, 2016). Looking ahead, these economic stresses are projected to intensify as the Southwest continues to experience higher temperatures, increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves, and more frequent droughts (Gershunov et al., 2013; Briske et al., 2015; USGCRP, 2017). These novel climate exposures are predicted to affect ecosystems and economics through diminished rangeland carrying capacities, increased site vulnerability to soil degradation, compromised regional feed and pasture forage production, and intensified animal heat stress (Havstad et al., 2018).

Sustainability Challenges on the Supply Chain Scale

Looking beyond ranch gates, the specialization and concentration of US beef cattle and cattle feed production has greatly increased efficiency in terms of cost per unit of product of beef (Dimitri et al., 2005; Capper, 2011); however, it has also contributed to a host of environmental, economic, and societal concerns, including compromised environmental quality and quality of life for communities near concentrated feedlot manure (Casey et al., 2006), as well as vulnerabilities in supply chains. For instance, occupancy restrictions in meat processing plants experienced in the spring of 2020 due to COVID-19 have resulted in cattle remaining in feedyards longer, and fewer conventional cuts being available in supermarkets, affecting the ranches upstream (Peel et al., 2020; Texas A&M, 2020). The lack of typical beef cuts and volume in supermarkets resulted, for many Americans, in expanded interest in the provenance of beef and local beef products (Atkins, 2020; Emmert, 2020; Nagus, 2020). While it is too early to predict long-term effects at the writing of this article, it is possible that investment in alternative, local supply chains may ultimately affect the long-term economic sustainability of conventional grain finishing (Hobbs, 2020).

Strategies Toward Sustainability: New Research and Early Results

Heritage Cattle

The Raramuri Criollo biotype has undergone 500 years of adaptation to the harsh conditions of the Sierra Tarahumara in northern Mexico with minimal genetic influence of improved beef breeds (Estell et al., 2012; Anderson et al., 2015). Based on past research, Raramuri Criollo appear to experience less heat stress on hot summer days (Nyamuryekung'e et al., 2017) and have been anecdotally observed to forage more on low-quality grasses and shrubs than conventional beef breeds (Anderson et al., 2015). In addition, during seasons when green forage is relatively scarce and patchily distributed, Raramuri Criollo have been found to achieve greater distribution than conventional cattle types (Peinetti et al., 2011; Spiegal et al., 2019).

To date, grass finishing has been the primary option for Southwestern producers raising Raramuri Criollo, which can be finished on grass but get passed over at auctions in the conventional production chain due to color and shape non-conformity (Enyinnaya, 2016; Torell et al., in review). Another option is cross-breeding the heritage type with beef breeds used conventionally, thereby maintaining the potential economic and environmental benefits of Raramuri Criollo cows while producing more widely marketable offspring (Martínez-Cordova et al., 2014; Mcintosh et al., 2018).

While grass finishing and grain-finishing cattle with Raramuri Criollo genetics show promise for economic and environmental sustainability, especially under warmer and drier conditions, more information is needed before adoption of Raramuri Criollo genetics can be widely recommended. To fill these information gaps, a long-term breed comparison study was initiated in March 2020 on the New Mexico State University (NMSU) Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Four large pastures were dedicated to the respective cow-calf herds – two pastures for a heritage herd, and two for a conventional Brangus herd. External inputs and outputs are being quantified to assess differences in ranch total factor productivity (Ramankutty et al., 2018) between herds, and vegetation and soils are being monitoring to assess the ecological effects. To understand the processes driving production and ecological outcomes, cattle movements are being monitored in real time (see below), and costs and returns are being measured, including supplement intake, percent calf crop, and kilograms of calf weaned.

The feedlot and finishing performance will be compared between the heritage crossbred calves and conventional beef calves at research facilities in the Ogallala Aquifer region. Calves for this component of the study are being raised on cooperating ranches in southern New Mexico, southeastern California, and southeastern Utah (stars in Figure 1). The first calf crop is scheduled to be transported to Clayton, New Mexico for wheat pasture backgrounding and eventual finishing at Clayton, New Mexico, and Texas A&M Agrilife Research facilities in Bushland, Texas in fall 2020, and repeated the following 2 years. Slaughtered cattle will be subjected to beef quality tests including consumer taste panels at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas in 2021, 2022, and 2023.

This breed comparison leverages one of 18 coordinated experiments in the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network Common Experiment, contributing to a national assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of adopting “aspirational” management approaches on farms and ranches nationwide (Spiegal et al., 2018). This experiment is also part of an international network of long term grazing studies comparing the environmental footprint of Criollo vs. improved beef breeds at sites in Mexico and Argentina.

Precision Ranching

Sensor-driven precision farming, already mainstream in intensive animal agriculture systems (Neethirajan, 2017), can also help ranchers in the warming and drying American Southwest make rapid decisions to sustain animal health and forage resources. Real-time analysis of shifts in animal movement patterns associated with declining forage, inadequate or faulty water supply, birth, or predation helps ranchers to intervene rapidly, effectively providing a type of early warning system addressing multiple sustainability problems.

Importantly, these technologies can help reduce economic and environmental costs of ranching in extensive, arid lands. Based on calculations for the 780-km2 USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, wireless sensors indicating water levels in troughs could save 388–478 h of driving time and 742–956 gallons of fuel, which translates into $7,800–$10,000 in annual cost savings, 6.6–8.5 metric tons of avoided CO2 emissions, and more time for pursuing other endeavors. On the other hand, investments in the system such as installation, maintenance, and time spent learning to use the technology can reduce overall cost-effectiveness of adoption.

To investigate the potential of these technologies in extensive arid landscapes, we are developing a precision ranching system able to log, transmit, and analyze animal, weather, and water sensor data in real time via a long-range, low power wireless area network (LoRa WAN), to be tested at five participating ranches (Figure 1). Cost inputs and savings from this technology will be assessed via enterprise budgets (Torell et al., 2014), and a survey instrument will be used to determine user perceptions regarding the usefulness of all aspects of system implementation. With this understanding of cost savings and feedback from participating ranchers, a market-ready product should be available within 6 years.

During the first year of the project, we built a pilot model and are testing it at the NMSU CDRRC, where the long-term breed comparison study was initiated. The GPS collars, watering tank, and rainfall sensors have been collecting data since March 2020 (Supplement 1). Initial testing and calibration of components of the precision ranching system at CDRRC is allowing us to gauge its usefulness and is helping our team identify and carefully document potential challenges of using LoRa WAN on extensive cattle ranches with sparse communication networks. Understanding these technological hurdles will be critically important as we roll out the precision ranching system on cooperating commercial ranches in the near future.

Supply Chain Options

Amid concerns about food safety and environmental impacts of beef supply chains, the market share for alternative beef products – natural, certified organic, grass-fed – has been growing in recent decades (Tonsor et al., 2009; Mathews and Johnson, 2013; Food Marketing Institute, 2017), and societal interest in locally-sourced food appears to be growing rapidly during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, ranchers who grass-finish Raramuri Criollo cattle are part of a larger community in the American Southwest that has adopted grass finishing for a variety of reasons (Barnes, 2011).

During the past year of engaging with Southwestern producers who grass finish cattle, we have come to identify two main approaches: (1) finishing locally on arid ranches, and (2) exporting weaned calves to the Northern Plains4 (the “Follow the Green” production system). Much is unknown about the rate of adoption of these approaches, their ecological and economic outcomes, or how those outcomes compare with those of grain finishing systems – especially as the Ogallala Aquifer region's backgrounding and feedlot industries face threats of aquifer depletion (McGuire, 2017) and the expanding impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hendrickson, 2020). Therefore, we are working to create a knowledge base for producers, consumers, regional planners, and policy makers involved with Southwest beef production so they can compare grass finishing vs. grain finishing under various scenarios of change. Our primary analytical tools are the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM; Rotz et al., 2019) and a multi-regional “pericoupling” analysis (Liu, 2017).

The IFSM uses production inputs in the farms and ranches of a given supply chain to estimate the environmental and economic outcomes of that supply chain (including energy use; carbon, phosphorus, and reactive nitrogen footprints; water consumption; production costs; and net returns). We are using IFSM to compare economic and environmental outcomes in six supply chains: Follow the Green with and without Raramuri Criollo, Grass-Finishing in the Southwest with and without Raramuri Criollo, and Grain-Finishing in the Ogallala Aquifer Region with and without Raramuri Criollo. We are gathering information on inputs from five ranchers and two feedyard operators formally participating in project research, as well as from other producers engaged through the CAP's extension efforts (see below). Ultimately the simulated environmental and economic effects will provide a measure of the long-term sustainability of the six supply chains, so that tradeoffs can be quantified and compared.

All six production systems being simulated in the IFSM originate with calves born on Southwestern ranches. The weaned calves are then exported to other regions (Follow the Green, Grain-Finishing), or are held back from those regions (Grass-Finishing in the Southwest). Given these inter-regional connections, we aim to understand how dynamics in one region affect the dynamics of the others, and vice versa. To that end, we are conducting a “pericoupling” analysis (Liu, 2017) to characterize the socioeconomic and environmental interactions among the regional systems linked via beef production under both the current system and a plausible near-future scenario (da Silva et al., 2019). Using the pericoupling framework, we are addressing the following questions about the connected regions under both the current and future scenarios (Table 1):

1. What are the flows of resources among four regions connected through beef production (the Southwest, Ogallala Aquifer region, Upper Midwest, and Northern Plains)?

2. What agents bring forth the connections (pericouplings) between the regions?

3. What are the causes of the pericouplings between the regions?

4. What are the major effects of the pericouplings on each region?

TABLE 1

Table 1. Preliminary results of a pericoupling analysis to assess linkages of four regions affected by beef production in the American Southwest, under the current system and a plausible near-future scenario.

During the past year, we have built our pericoupling database with agro-economic datasets that span national, state, and regional levels, as well as results from IFSM simulations, and information from our integrated extension and education activities. Preliminary results are in Table 1.

Boundary-Spanning Approach

We designed the Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP to span boundaries between science and decision-making in order to improve actions in both realms (sensu Bednarek et al., 2018). A central pillar is participatory research: All research is being conducted at least in part on commercial ranches, with direct involvement of ranch operators. This involvement, from study design to execution to data interpretation, is ensuring tight linkages between science and real-world challenges and opportunities in Southwestern beef production. The boundary-spanning approach was adopted, in part, to ensure a realistic understanding of opportunities for, and barriers to, adoption of the strategies under investigation.

To understand more about the potential for adoption of the strategies under investigation, during the past year, knowledge co-production/extension partners in the Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP – from New Mexico State University, the USDA Southwest Climate Hub, and Texas A&M AgriLife – engaged with producers from the Southwest and the regions pericoupled to the Southwest through beef production. Central tools have been on-ranch demonstrations, in-person events, podcasts, and surveys. For instance, the project team hosted an event for ~125 ranchers, feedlot operators and others connected to the beef cattle industry at the 2020 Southwest Beef Symposium in Amarillo, Texas, where initial rancher perceptions of the three strategies were collected. Cattle producers (n = 36) from 26 counties across seven states completed the CAP's “baseline” survey (Elias et al., in review). In response to a question about which topic of the project would be most immediately applicable to their operation, about a quarter indicated that precision ranching technology is most applicable, another quarter selected range finishing in the Southwest and other supply chain options, and another quarter chose the overall integrated approach of the CAP as most applicable. Ten percent of respondents indicated that Spanish/heritage breed cattle would be most applicable. We will compare baseline data with surveys at the end of the 5-year project to detect changes in perceptions about the strategies.

In partnership with the knowledge co-production/extension and research teams, the Asombro Institute for Science Education in New Mexico and the BlueSTEM Agri-Learning Center in Oklahoma have developed lessons and teacher trainings to increase science literacy, advance knowledge about difficult decision-making technology in agriculture, and garner feedback about the strategies under investigation from the agricultural professionals of tomorrow. The integration of K-12 activities into the other components of the CAP emphasizes collaboration, interdisciplinary thinking, and strong communication skills (Bestelmeyer et al., 2015).

In the first year of the project, the education team developed a 1-h classroom lesson and a field trip activity to introduce lower elementary students to Raramuri Criollo (https://asombro.org/wp-content/uploads/Criollo.pdf). Lessons were based on the Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP project and aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), making them relevant to teachers in New Mexico and 19 other states using these standards. Lessons were developed and pilot tested with more than 200 2nd and 3rd grade students in the fall 2020 semester.

School closings in the spring 2020 semester halted classroom lessons, field trips, and teacher trainings. The education team therefore pivoted toward developing an interactive learning experience that could be done by students learning from home. “Solving the Beef” (https://asombro.org/solvingthebeef/) is a game that encourages players in competing teams to develop creative solutions for sustainable beef production and marketing given a set of scenarios and constraints. It is built around engineering design principles from NGSS. Though Solving the Beef was developed as an adaptation to social distancing, it can also be played in a traditional classroom or after-school setting. The game will be expanded by adding additional scenarios as results from the Southwest Beef CAP are published. Moreover, the game will allow the education team to collect ideas from students – the producers and consumers of tomorrow – to feed back to the research component of the project.

Assessing and Communicating Tradeoffs

In addition to peer-reviewed and popular press articles, an interactive repository is being built to house and communicate the integrated knowledge developed by the Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP. The “Western Beef Knowledge System” is being designed to aid decision-making around beef production and consumption, with geographically-specific information for producers about the potential benefits and drawbacks of adopting the strategies under investigation, and for consumers seeking locally-tailored guidance on how they can purchase beef that aligns with their stated values. We have also developed short factsheets for use by regional planners and other policy makers, as they evaluate incentives for adoption of the strategies and understand the inter-regional effects of alternative beef supply chains (https://southwestbeef.org/factsheets).

Ultimately, our goal is to apply new, integrated knowledge to advance sustainability of US beef production. Adoption of animal genetics suited to a hotter, drier climate, precision technologies that provide affordable and timely information for ranch management, and alternative marketing options all have potential to improve economic, environmental, and societal outcomes. However, when making significant changes in an agricultural system, full consideration of the regions pericoupled through production is necessary to achieve desired outcomes. With our boundary-spanning approach, we aim to illuminate these inter-regional connections, and identify viable pathways to improve sustainability for beef producers, beef consumers, and the rangelands cherished by Americans nationwide.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the ideas in this article. SS was lead writer with contributions from, and editing by, AFC, BB, JS, RE, DA, CR, and MMu. MMc created artwork for Figure 1.

Funding

The Sustainable Southwest Beef Coordinated Agricultural Project was funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Agriculture and Food Research Initiative's Sustainable Agricultural Systems (SAS) program. Grant #2019-69012-29853. This research was also a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network. LTAR is supported by the United States Department of Agriculture.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Dr. Jack Liu for sharing his expertise for our pericoupling analysis. Thanks also to Dr. David Anderson of Texas A&M for providing data on interstate cattle movements into Texas and inspected by the Texas Animal Health Commission, as discussed in the Supplementary Information.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00114/full#supplementary-material

Footnotes

1. ^We define the US Southwest as the states of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, California (Figure 1).

2. ^We define the Ogallala Aquifer region as parts of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota (Figure 1).

3. ^We define the Upper Midwest as the “Corn Belt” which covers Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas.

4. ^We define the Northern Plains as North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska.

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