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Terms in this set (47)What does it means when we say that there is a correlation between two variables? It indicates that there is a systematic relationship between those variables. Linear Relationship Relationships that can be described by a straight line (rather than a non-linear function, such as curve). Correlation Coefficient A statistic that quantifies the relation between two variables. Properties of correlation coefficient 1. The correlation coefficient can be positive or negative. Positive correlation High scores tend to be paired with high scores (across the two variables), and low scores tend to be paired Negative Correlation High scores tend to be paired with low scores (across the two variables), and low scores tend to be paired with high scores. What are some examples of positive vs. negative Correlations? A thermometer; as temperature increases, the mercury level rises (higher temperatures are paired with higher mercury levels). (+): variables increase Positive correlation (-): One variable Negative Correlation Size (strength) of the Correlation The sign indicate the direction of the
relationship between variables. The magnitude indicates the strength or size of the correlation. What does it means when r = 0? No relationship between two variables. Imagine that every data point falls perfectly on a diagonal line of best fit in a scatter plot. What is the absolute value of the corresponding Pearson correlation coefficient (r)? r = 1.00 or -1.00 Mallory found a large (strong) correlation between the amount of time people spent studying and the grades they received on a test. In her sample, people who studied less performed worse on the test. The correlation coefficient in this study was most likely ___________. a.+1.50 b.+0.25 c. -0.80 d.+0.75
d. r = +0.75 Correlation is not the same as Causation. Just because Variable A is correlated with Variable B, it does not necessarily mean that Variable A causes Ways for variables to be correlated A third
variable (variable C) might cause both variable A and B. How do we identify all the variables in an experiment? Causation or correlation? Though a good internal validity experiment we can distinguish between these possibilities: causation or correlation. The Pearson
Correlation Coefficient It is a statistic that quantifies the linear relationship between two scale variables. What is the pearson correlation coefficient denoted by when working with a sample and a population? Sample: r. Would r be able to describe a Non-linear relationship? No. r would not be appropriate for describing this relationship. (Nonetheless, a relationship is clearly present). "Sex" and "SSy" represent... (X-Mx)^2 and (Y-My)^2. X and Y mean... Single sample values Mx and My Mean of x or Y. Calculating r 1. Separate x and y. then Calculate the mean for both. Assumptions and Important ideas when Using r 1. Data are randomly selected from the population. Homoscedasticity Each variable should vary equally across all levels of the other variable. (For example, we should not have more variability in grades at high levels of absenteeism vs. low levels of absenteeism. Steps of Hypothesis Testing 1. identify the population, distribution, and assumptions, and then choose the appropriate hypothesis test. Hypothesis testing step 2: State the null and alternative hypotheses in words and symbolic notation. • Null hypothesis: There is no correlation between the number of Hypothesis step 3: Determine the characteristics of the comparison distribution. df = N-2 (where N is the number of pairs of scores). Decide to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Same as any type of testing. If the calculated value is more extreme than our critical value, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject the null hypothesis. The Importance of Testing for Statistical Significance and the Influence of Outliers An outliner might mislead us to
think that there is a strong correlation when the correlation is not statistically significant. p value on SPSS output for correlations Sig. (2 tailed). What is the alternative approach for calculating r? By using covariance covariance It represents the degree to which two variables vary together. What is N in the covariance formula? Number of pairs of scores. Additional information: covariance and correlation Similar to the other calculation for r, in addition, it adds divide by (N-1) to standard deviation of x and y. It(N-1) includes in covariance equation. Why is r a scaled (standardized) version of the covariance. 1. Covariance divided by the product of the standard deviations of x and y. Test-retest Reliability It refers to whether the scale being used provides consistent information every time the test is taken. Internal Reliability [consistency] between items in the same scale. Split-half reliability correlate answers to odd and even items in a scale. Coefficient alpha it is a commonly used estimate of internal reliability. can be thought of as an average of all possible split-half correlations. Criterion validity look for correlations between your measure and real-world outcomes. Convergent Validity Look for correlations between your measure and other, similar measures. Discriminant Validity Look for a lack of correlation between your measure and dissimilar measures. Reliability and Validity when a measure is reliable, that doesn't mean that it is also valid. Valid Accurate. Partial Correlations Degree of association between two variables after statistically removing the association of a their variable. What does partial correlations allow a researcher to do? It allows a researcher to "control for" the presence of a third variable. Students also viewed2.2 - the research enterprise of psychology - conc…10 terms MEVann001 final exam study90 terms BMeyer826 Homework: 4.1/4.2 Correlation and Least-…20 terms mdbrown16 Ch 5 Interactive6 terms Smanderson98 Sets found in the same folderPsychology 2220 Exam 3*29 terms karisinboden Psych 2220 Exam 335 terms karisinboden Psych 2220 Final189 terms karisinboden Ch. 15/16 HW questions14 terms
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psychology Which of the following is true of boys compared with girls? a. Boys have a higher average intelligence score. b. Boys are better spellers than girls. c. Boys are better at detecting emotions. d. Boys are more verbally fluent. e. Boys are more likely to have extremely low intelligence scores. Verified answer psychology Prefixes and suffixes are small groups of letters that when added to the beginning or ending of words alter the definition of those words. Prefixes and suffixes, then, are examples of a. phonemes. b. morphemes. c. algorithms. d. accommodation. e. assimilation. Verified answer psychology What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior? a. Incentive b. Stress c. Emotion d. Motivation e. Instinct Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions
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What does a high positive correlation coefficient mean?A correlation coefficient of 1.0 means that two variables have perfectly positive correlation. As one variable changes, so does the other. Though this does not mean that one variable directly impacts the outcome or changes to the other, both variables always move in tandem and are most likely highly related.
What does a high negative correlation coefficient mean?A correlation coefficient of -0.8 indicates an exceptionally strong negative correlation, meaning that the two variables tend to move in opposite directions. The closer the coefficient is to -1.0, the stronger the negative relationship will be.
What does higher correlation mean?Correlation is a term that refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables where a strong, or high, correlation means that two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other while a weak or low correlation means that the variables are hardly related.
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What does a higher correlation coefficient whether positive or negative mean quizlet?
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