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Terms in this set (149)From each of the following statements, select the ones that are true about the way experts perform problem-solving. -They are more successful at applying the analogy approach than novices. Cognition is the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge. Transformation of knowledge When people try to solve problems, which feature of the problem should they emphasize the most? Structural features Heather and Tom want to bake some blueberry muffins, but they do not have a muffin tin. So Heather takes some soda cans out of the recycling bin, Tom cuts the top 2 inches off of each can, and they use the bottoms of the cans to bake their muffins. Tom and Heather have demonstrated overcoming functional fixedness. Why are diagrams useful for problem-representation? They convey abstract information without irrelevant detail. Lanie has a long and difficult term paper to write. She decides to tackle this assignment by creating the following schedule: Means-ends heuristic Lanie has a long and difficult term paper to write. She decides to tackle this assignment by creating the following schedule: Choose an entire new set of articles because her choices were inappropriate for the assignment How is understanding relevant to problem solving? Solutions require a close correspondence between the problem and your internal representation of the problem Forrest has always prepared a chocolate in a certain fashion. He is given an electric mixer that would make it more efficient to prepare the ingredients. However, he decides to follow his old, familiar order. A mental set According to the research we have discussed, people are likely to be more creative if they are high in intrinsic motivation Julie needs to come up with an ice breaker activity for her next business meeting. Julie knows that if she tries hard enough, she will come up with a creative idea for the group. Self-Efficacy Based on our class discussion about creativity, what is the typical character of individuals who end up developing really creative ideas? They produce a lot of ideas at first (divergent thinking) and then combine the best parts of each into a final solution (convergent thinking). beat gestures gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech diectic gestures pointing, requesting It is difficult to manipulate relevant independent variables in language production. This makes research on this process more difficult to study than language comprehension. Compared to monolingual children, you would expect that in general bilingual children would be better at following complex instructions. What can we conclude about age of acquisition and mastery of a second language? The research is not clear-cut; instead, the findings seem to depend upon factors such as the similarity between the first language and the second language. Anne is 20 years old, and she has spoken English all her life. She has taken Spanish courses in both high school and college. She enrolls in a study-abroad program in Buenos Aires and becomes fluent in Spanish, before returning to the United States. Annes situation is an example of sequential bilingualism. During lunch Laura asks Joseph, "Can you pass me a napkin?" Pragmatics During lunch Laura asks Joseph, "Can you pass me a napkin?" Directive A teacher asks his students to revise their book reports. He is likely to find that most students focus on checking spelling and grammar one sentence at a time. You are telling a story to a group of friends, when you notice that one of them is falling asleep. an indirect request. According to the research discussed in the chapter, an explanation for why slips-of-the-tongue occur is interference from inappropriate sounds that are highly active. All of the following are factors that influence successful acquisition of a second language, EXCEPT Age you first learned the language One of the issues with using means-ends problem solving is that people generally avoid increasing the difference between the current state and the goal state. What are obstacles in problem solving? Restrictions that are encountered between your goal state and initial state. Understanding a problem requires understanding its underlying meaning. This basic core of a problem is called its structural features. What is a challenge with the hill-climbing heuristic? Choosing the most direct route at every choice point may fail to consider a better indirect route. Which of the following is true about creativity? Creative solutions are ones that are both novel and useful. In problem solving, a method that always produces a problem solution (though not necessarily very efficiently) is known as an algorithm. In functional fixedness, we assign a particular use to an object, and that use tends to remain stable. A researcher observes a person solve a problem in a specific context. However, when a similar problem is presented to the same person in a novel context, the person struggles to solve it. This evidence would support what approach to problem solving? The situated-cognition approach Which of the following is an accurate description about our most current understanding on word recognition? The dual-route explanation does a good job of explaining the use of both the direct- and indirect-access route. Which of the following is an accurate description of how language is processed by the hemispheres of the brain? For most people, the left hemisphere does a lot of the major language processing, but the right hemisphere processes some abstract and emotional components too. In order to test how subjects incrementally interpret text they read, researchers measure reaction times as subjects press a spacebar on a computer keyboard to make words appear one at a time. self-paced reading task. Suppose that you ask a stranger what time it is, and he produces several wordy sentences that don't seem to make sense. Without knowing additional information, you would suspect that he has Wernicke's aphasia. While walking on your college campus, a stranger asks you how to get to the library. Before answering, try to figure out whether this person is familiar with any of the landmarks at your university. pragmatics. Which brain area is most active when reading a question? Neurolinguistics What social situations make people more comfortable using curse words while communicating? Pragmatics investigation At what age do we lose the ability to distinguish certain word sounds? Phonemic investigation How does new information that students learn get integrated with knowledge they already know? Constructivist investigation What verbal cues do speakers use to draw listeners' attention to specific words that they want to emphasize? Cognitive-functional investigation What is the most controversial issue concerning bilingualism and age of acquisition? With respect to the mastery of grammar, do people who acquired a second language as adults differ from people who acquired a second language as children? Which of the following statements about the revising process is false? We can proofread our own papers more accurately than other people's papers. Stages of writing -Prewriting What is the term that describes social rules that guide the way language is produced? Pragmatics What does common ground mean in language? Establishing the information and experiences the speakers shares with the listener. How is the term gist related to sentence production? It is the overall meaning of a message that we want to convey. What is the relationship between cognition and writing? Concrete words activate the "visual" part of the visuospatial sketchpad when writing them Embodied cognition is important to language production because we often execute visible body movements alongside our speec During sentence generation, your writing alternates between hesitant phases and fluent phases.
Early theories about bilingualism argued that bilingualism produced a cognitive deficit. What is being described here? A deictic gesture Our current understanding of the brain regions involved with language processing suggest Broca's area is active during language processing but may also be broadly involved with other cognitive systems. In which of the following cases are people most likely to draw inferences during reading? When readers have a large working-memory span Units of language such as pre-, and -s carry meaning and are known as morphemes. When comparing the two hemispheres of the brain, in general the right hemisphere is more likely to emphasize _______________ than the left hemisphere. the interpretation of the emotional tone of a message Noam Chomsky contributed greatly to theories about language and cognition. Chomsky's theories emphasized humans' inborn skills in language. What occurs if readers use the indirect-access route when recognizing written words? They translate the visual stimuli into sound before locating a word's meaning. Which of the following statements about the passive voice is correct? People understand a sentence more quickly if the sentence is active, rather than passive. When you read a any kind of book, you read language units that are longer than an isolated paragraph. Discourse What does the cognitive-functional approach suggest about language? We use language strategically to convey specific meaning to other people. When processing language, we make judgements and predictions about sentence meaning before we have heard or read the entire sentence. Incremental interpretation When we read a novel or watch a movie, we form conclusions about
characters' motivations, the direction of the story, and events that happen. As we progress through the story, we are able to integrate current information with prior information, forming a deeper understanding about what is happening or will likely happen. The constructionist view of inferences Measure of creativity in which
a Convergent Production Measurement tool that would be used if you wanted to know the time course of a specific cognitive process. EEG or ERP The application of intonation that occurs in the final stages of language production. Prosody Jung failed multiple times at completing a task correctly, but kept trying until he improved. Growth Mindset Prior to communicating, a speaker should establish this to increase the likeliness the listener will correctly interpret what they say Common Ground Speech error in which units of meaning in a sentence are rearranged in the wrong position. Morpheme error (Slip-of-the-tongue) Type of body movement intended to orient a listener's attention to something. Deictic gesture Research claims this is the language component that age of acquisition does affect. Phonology Social context of communication in which one considers the rules of language and perspective of their listener. Pragmatics During writing revision, this general cognitive process interferes with our ability to recognize errors in our text Top Down Processing Heuristic Problem-Solving methods we have covered in lecture. -Analogy Forming an appropriate and well-organized mental representation is an essential first step. Understanding Solving this requires a change in representation, removal of incorrect assumptions, and use of unexpected approaches. Insight Problem This theoretical approach explains why Joseph is able to dance extraordinarily well in front of a mirror, but cannot pull off the same dance moves in public. Situated Cognition Three possible explanations for why incorrect beliefs about a person's ability based on their "group membership" actually leads to degraded performance. -Interference with working memory Unclear structure of the sentence leads to multiple interpretations. Syntactic Ambiguity The notion that a process such as language is handled principally by a specific brain hemisphere Lateralization Understanding the meaning of a word without the use of subvocalization. Direct-Route Theoretical perspective describing how speakers convey deliberate and specific meaning by carefully choosing words, intonation, and phrasing. Cognitive-Functional Approach Understanding discourse by developing expectations about the direction of the story, character's motivations, and integrating that info with background knowledge. Constructivist View Name a desirable difficulty related to learning. -Distributed
Practice We take longer time to travel larger mental distances is evidence that navigational imagery is stored in this form. Analog Code Effortful, short, and simple speech that may result from a left frontal lobe. Broca's Asphasia Cognitive network that would be active when looking for an object in the environment. Orienting Attention Network This component of a parallel distributed processing model strengths or weakens with every bit of new information the system encounters. Connection weights What are the three different neuroscientific methods of studying the brain? -PET Position Emission Tomography (PET) -Used to study attention, memory, and language Functional Megnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -Detect subtle differences in the way the brain processes
language Both ____ and _____ provide information about location PET & fMRIs event-related potential (ERP) Can identify changes over a very brief period produced by populations of neurons in some regions of the brain During what tasks is the orienting attention network most likely to be active? When attention required for visual search, in which you must shift your attention around to various spatial locations During what tasks is the executive attention network most likely to be active? When.... Orienting Attention Network is located in the .... Parietal (visual search) Executive attention Network is located in the .... Prefrontal cortex What does research suggest about mentally traveling between locations in real physical space? ... Do we treat traveling mental space like an analog or a propositional code? Traveling mental space is more like an analog code, because a propositional code would be inappropriate to use since it is a more detailed description of objects instead of a visual image (analog) code. (We treat mental images the same way we treat physical objects when we rotate them through space) What are the findings related to mental rotation of an object? -When people rotate a visual image, a large rotation takes them longer. Just as they take longer when making a large rotation with a physical stimulus. Does visual imagery interfere with visual perception? it can when using the same sensory mode Does visual imagery interfere with auditory imagery? No because they are two different sensory modes. Compared to written language, spoken language is more likely to require the use of working memory. During speech perception the _________________ of the brain is likely to be especially active. left hemisphere The whole-word approach to teaching reading encourages readers to directly connect a written word with the word's meaning. Which of the following is true about understanding sentences? When a sentence uses too much negation people's comprehension is only slightly better than chance level. When we read a novel or watch a movie, we form conclusions about characters' motivations, the direction of the story, and events that happen. As we progress through the story, we are able to integrate current information with prior information, forming a deeper understanding about what is happening or will likely happen. The constructionist view of inferences A subject reads the word pairs EYE - SEA. When asked to remember the pair later they recall the semantically related pair "EYE - SEE." indirect-access route An individual receives damage close to the frontal lobe. After recovery, their speech becomes very slow and simplistic. They show a lot of effort just to say a phrase like "How you to-day?" Broca's aphasia While walking on your college campus, a stranger asks you how to get to the library. Before answering, try to figure
out whether this person is familiar with any of the landmarks at your university. pragmatics. To be a more expert reviser during writing focus more on transitions between ideas. Which of the following is not a stage of writing? Phonemic encoding What does discourse mean? Language units that are more than a sentence in length. How is the term prosody related to sentence production? It is the intonation, rhythm, and emphasis with which we say a sentence. Which of the following is true about bilingual individuals? They perform better on concept-formation tasks than monolingual individuals. What is being described here? A beat gesture Why are slips-of-the-tongue important to understanding language production? It is difficult directly study this language process, so these mistakes provide insight into it. When looking at a bilingual child versus a monolingual you are likely to find that the bilingual child has a better understanding of the structure of their first language. Clea learned Haitian growing up in Jacmel. When she was 18, she moved to the United States where she became fluent in English. This is an example of sequential bilingualism. During lunch Laura asks Joseph, "Can you pass me a napkin?" Pragmatics During lunch Laura asks Joseph, "Can you pass me a napkin?" Directive You are telling a story to a group of friends, when you notice that one of them is falling asleep. an indirect request. All of the following are factors that influence successful acquisition of a second language, except Age you first learned the language What has research on means-ends analysis in problem solving demonstrated? Most people avoid actions that temporarily move them further away from the goal state. In problem solving, the term obstacles refers to restrictions that are encountered in problem solving. According to the chapter, when are you most likely to use the hill-climbing heuristic? When you lack information on how to reach your goal. What is divergent production? Generating numerous different solutions to a test items. Suppose that you have solved a problem by letting the letter x represent one unknown and by letting the letter y represent another unknown. Which problem-solving method have you used? Symbols When are people more likely to be creative? When they have high intrinsic motivation for working on the task. Julie & Ryan need to come up with an ice breaker activity for her next business meeting. If they do, they will get a bonus on their next paycheck. Julie believes that if they try hard enough, they will come up with a creative idea for the group. However, Ryan is not so confident but is willing to keep working on the task even though it is difficult. Which of the two individuals is likely to get a more creative idea? Julie because she is demonstrating self-efficacy. Implicit memories: -Retrieved unconsciously and effortlessly. example of implicit memory In implicit memory tasks, the cognitive tests do not ask to recall or recognize specific info. Repetition priming task: When you've been recently exposed to a word you'll think of that particular word when presented with a cue that could represent many other words Explicit memories: -Retrieved consciously example of explicit memory Recall (info you are asked to reproduce) Implicit memories vs retroactive & proactive interference Implicit memories have nothing to do with these interferences, because it is an automatic process. When someone is going through retroactive and/or proactive interference, they are being asked to produce or recognize a response. This active process is does not lead to implicit memories being retrieved. Retroactive interference happens when you cannot remember old material because new material keeps interfering. Proactive interference happens when you are unable to learn new material because old material keeps interfering. What is memory encoding? When you process info and represent it in your memory, which is stored in LTM. What affects encoding (its strength)? Depth of processing, encoding specificity principle and emotional content (e.g., Pollyanna principle) What are desirable difficulties? are challenges you want to have when using distributed practice. They help you become aware of the difficulties you might encounter on the actual test. What are some effects or learning techniques that implement desirable difficulties? testing effect (being tested on material also increases memory for the material). Two components of PDP: -Distributed (across the brain (spreading activation) What happens when we learn something new? he connection weights of the nodes in the spreading activation become stronger. Neurons that fire together tend to wire together What does not happen when we learn something new? The strength of your connection weights when NOT learning something new (for that specific thing you're trying to learn) becomes weaker. Let's say you're trying to learn mathematical derivatives, if you don't continue practicing, those connection weights will significantly decrease. Prototype: -Our stored representation is a typical member of the category Exemplar: -Our stored representation is a collection
of numerous specific members of the category Both Prototype approach and exemplar approach -Make similar predictions about semantic memory Sets with similar termscognitive psych test 499 terms vmgallow Cognitive Psychology Exam 3169 terms Michelle_E6 PSYCH 105 Ch. 891 terms lexiparker34 PSY 260 Final Exam47 terms lyss29 Sets found in the same folderEXP 4604 Cognitive Psychology- Chapter 174 terms alexandra_ellis12 exam 271 terms lalatariq Other sets by this creatorNeuro. Assess. Exam 123 terms kpere205 PsychoBio: Exam 286 terms kpere205 Stats: Exam 147 terms kpere205 PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS: Exam 195 terms kpere205 Verified questions
QUESTION When asked to think of a bird, many people think of a robin. In this case a robin is people's _____ for a bird a. prototype. b. concept. c. creative id ea. d convergent grouping. e. cognition. Verified answer QUESTION Which of the following is true of boys compared with girls? a. Boys have a higher average intelligence score. b. Boys are better spellers than girls. c. Boys are better at detecting emotions. d. Boys are more verbally fluent. e. Boys are more likely to be represented among those scoring extremely low as well as those scoring extremely high on tests of mental abilities. Verified answer QUESTION Damage to the hippocampus would result in what? a. Difficulties, with balance and coordination. b. Difficulty in creating new memories. c. The false sensation of burning in parts of the body. d. Emotional outbursts. e. Inability to regulate body temperature and hunger. Verified answer
PSYCHOLOGY Choose the letter of the correct term or concept below to complete the sentence. a. rooting reflex b. maturation c. democratic/ authoritative families d. telegraphic speech e. schemas f. object permanence g. egocentric h. socialization i. sublimation j. developmental psychology. The process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks is _________. Verified answer Recommended textbook solutionsMyers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Child2nd EditionGabriela Martorell 239 solutions Other Quizlet setsIntro to Fiction Final53 terms katecibilich Spanish 201 Final Interview Possible Question List35 terms esanch7474 Marketing exam 274 terms Brittany_Blythe Exam 3 Peds79 terms miszlilwunn Related questionsQUESTION What is the attentional blink? Be able to explain the phenomenon, as well as the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) method used to study it. 6 answers QUESTION The idea that the amount of activation that is transmitted from the cue to other items in memory is proportional to the associative strength between the cue and those related memories is called: 9 answers QUESTION When we discuss flavor in the sense of foods and beverages, is this just a matter of taste or is smell also involved. If smell is involved, what does this have to do with the term "retronasal olfaction"? 2 answers QUESTION Strong emotions trigger our conscious awareness of a threat or opportunity in the external environment. 4 answers What can we conclude about the relationship between a person's age of acquisition of a second language and his or her mastery of grammar quizlet?What can we conclude about the relationship between a person's age of acquisition of a second language and his or her mastery of grammar? the answer depends on the match between the two languages, as well as the amount of education in the second language.
What general conclusion can we draw about the relationship between age of acquisition and mastery of a second language?What general conclusion can we draw about the relationship between age of acquisition and mastery of a second language? In general, people master the phonology of a 2nd language better if they learned it relatively early.
What can we conclude about the accuracy of speech production?What can we conclude about the accuracy of speech production? Even high-status speakers may produce a large number of speech errors. In discussing the social aspects of language, psycholinguistics researchers sometimes use a metaphor of two people dancing.
For which characteristics of language does age of acquisition of a second language matter most?Which characteristics of language does age of acquisition of a second language matter most? The age of acquisition of a second language affects: the speaker's accent in the second language.
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What can we conclude about age of acquisition and mastery of a second language Quizlet
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