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Critical theory—Notes that many theories about aging reinforce ageist attitudes about elderly people and legitimize policies that reinforce dependency at the expense of empowerment. Aging is a social process, not simply a biological one, and many experiences of elderly people are shaped by the inequalities they have encountered throughout the life course, such as racism, sex discrimination, or economic inequality. We must critically evaluate societal arrangements and examine how they foster or inhibit successful aging. These arrangements include social institutions, statuses, roles, and the distribution of power that runs across them.
Political Economy Perspective—A component of critical theory. In particular, it describes the role of capitalism and the state in contributing to systems of power, domination, and marginalization of the elderly population. It examines the role of the economic system, government, the military, the criminal justice system, business, labor, social welfare institutions, and other social structures in shaping, legitimizing, and reproducing power (Estes, 2001).
Feminist Theory—An analysis of women's experience, the identification of gender oppression, and is emancipatory in nature. It suggests that women's experiences may be different from men's, and these differences are often ignored or disvalued in the knowledge base. It acknowledges that women come from different cultures, places, historical times, racial and ethnic groups, and social classes, which further shape their gendered experiences. However, as a class of people, women are routinely disvalued, ignored, or oppressed around the globe.
Life Course Perspective—Views the aging process as one phase of an entire lifetime. This perspective bridges micro- and macro-level perspectives. Age cohorts have been shaped by important historical, economic, and social factors that may have arisen at any time in the life course, such as the Depression, World War II, or the civil and women's rights movements of the 1960s. The life course perspective reveals how these events shape the attitudes and behaviors of age cohorts.
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