Translation or protein synthesis is a process during which the genetic information is translated, following the dictations of the genetic code, into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The synthesis of all proteins required
for the cell is coded on genetic material DNA, which is transcribed to mRNA and translated to proteins. In simple words, Translation is a process in living cells in which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA(mRNA) called genetic code in the form of a sequence of nucleotide triplets (codons) is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
chain during protein synthesis. Prokaryotic Translation vs Eukaryotic Translation Prokaryotic translation Eukaryotic translation Coupled Transcription and translation. It is a continuous process as both transcription and translation occur in cytoplasm. It is a discontinuous process as transcription occurs in nucleus while translation on cytoplasm. As there is coupled transcription and translation. Therefore little mRNA processing Extensive pre mRNA processing mRNA is polycistronic. mRNA is monocistronic. It occurs on 70 S Ribosomes -Consists of 2 subunits, 50S larger subunit and 30S smaller subunit. It occurs on 80 S Ribosomes. -Consists of 2 subunits, 60S larger subunit and 40S smaller subunit Ribosome small subunit (30S) binds to Shine Dalgarno sequence during translation initiation and further detection of initiation codon The 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC) binds to the 5’ 7MeG cap of eukaryotic mRNA. Moves in 5’---3’ direction and finds AUG codon Presence of Kozak sequence (sequence in Eukaryotes with start codon favoring efficient initiation and translation) Initiator tRNA is formyl methionyl tRNA (f Met tRNA) which codes for formyl methionine Initiator tRNA is methionyl tRNA (Met tRNA) that codes for methionine Initiation: 3 Initiation factors involved: Complex process involving ~12 eIFs (Eukaryotic initiation factors) -eIF1 and eIF1A, eIF2, eIF3, eIF4A, eIF4E, eIF4G, eIF4F, eIF5, eIF5A, eIF5B, eIF6 Elongation: 4 Elongation factors: 4 Elongation factors: Termination: 3 Release factors Only one release factor Post translational modifications (PTMs): Extensive post translational modification mRNA half life is short( few seconds to minutes) as mRNA is unstable. mRNA has a half life of few hours to few days; it is quite stable. It is a faster process, adds up to 17-21 amino acid residues per second. Comparatively slower. Adds (up to 6-9 amino acid residues per second). MCQ on translation What is one difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription translation?Answer: Eukaryotic Transcription takes place inside of the Nucleus, while Prokaryotic Transcription takes place in the Cytoplasm. In Eukaryotic Transcription, proteins known as Transcriptional factors are needed, while In Prokaryotic Transcription, no such proteins are needed.
What are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation quizlet?In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. In a prokaryotic cell, transcription and translation are coupled; that is, translation begins while the mRNA is still being synthesized.
What are two differences between initiation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation?The key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation initiation is that prokaryotic translation initiation occurs on 70S ribosomes while eukaryotic translation initiation occurs on 80S ribosomes. Translation or protein synthesis is a biological process that takes place in the cytoplasm.
How is bacterial translation different from eukaryotic translation?In bacteria, mRNA is translated into protein as soon as it is transcribed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria do not have a distinct nucleus that separates DNA from ribosomes, so there is no barrier to immediate translation.
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What are the major differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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