What are 3 factors that have contributed to a decline in union membership quizlet?

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Terms in this set (118)

Within the strategic level of the New Deal industrial relations system

there is a separation of duties between management and labor whereby management acts and the union reacts

Did Boulwarism help increase the power of unions in collective bargaining as unions were able to dictate unconditional final offers to employers?

No

During collective bargaining negotiations, the union decides to strike in order to get higher wages. This decision occurs within what level of the three tiered model?

functional level

What happened to labor relations during the 1960s?

The expansion of high technology industries led to union membership declines in the private sector.

Consequence of the human relations movement was that?

hiring, promotions, and firing decisions were given to new personnel departments and taken away from line foreman.

What did scientific management do?

It blended economic incentives and industrial engineering techniques to produce the "one best way" for organizing work.

According to the three tiered model of industrial relations, the functional level within the New Deal industrial relations system established...

collective bargaining as the centerpiece in industrial relations, where labor and management can jointly address and resolve their differences.

What diminished the power of unions in the U.S. during the 1980s?

-A shift towards a more conservative political climate.
-U.S. foreign trade problems.
-The economic recession of 1981/83
-Deregulation in certain industries

Consider the following statement: "We believe that by organizing entire workers as one single class and by vigorously taking direct action we can convince employers to better our working conditions and accept us as an independent political party." Which of the group within the labor movement would agree with this quotation?

The Industrial Workers of the World.

Which of the following acts prevented courts from issuing injunctions against labor unions in most labor disputes?

The Norris LaGuardia Act.

Within the strategic level of the New Deal industrial relations system,

unions dictate the strategic decisions of the firms.

What contributed to the formation of the New Deal industrial relations system?

a shift in political power in labor's favor; passage of favorable labor legislation.

In the 1990s what led to the highest rate of layoffs among white collar workers?

downsizing and re-engineering

Is the concept of class consciousness identified most closely with John R. Commons and other economic institutionalists?

No

Was the significance of the court's decision in NLRA v. Jones & Laughlin that the court declared the National Recovery Act was unconstitutional?

No/inaccurate

True/False
A law which grants employees the right to strike illustrates how the external environments can affect the bargaining power of the parties involved.

True

True/False
According to the three tiered model of industrial relations, the functional tier is the arena in which the process of contract negotiations takes place.

True

Conflict within the employment relationship between employers and employees can be characterized as

inherent. Workers seek higher pay and job income security while employers seek higher profits and lower costs

Consider the following situation: Worker A has recently been dismissed because of his/her absenteeism. The worker then decides to file a grievance against the employer. The filing of the grievance occurs at what level within the three tiered model?

Workplace level

Who authored the following statement: "Trade unions represent the means by which workers can be represented fairly in the employment relationship through the strategies of mutual insurance, collective bargaining, and legal enactment. Thus, society must place a great value on negotiations and on compromise so that the divergent interests of management, labor and the public can be reconciled."

Sidney and Beatrice Webb

Why does collective bargaining compete with other mechanisms for resolving conflicts and pursuing common interests at the workplace?

1. Not all workers perceive conflict.
2. Many workers can quit their jobs and find alternative employment if they are unsatisfied.
3. Some workers prefer individual, rather than collective action.

The term government refers to

local, state, and federal political agencies and processes

Consider the following situation: After many years of unsuccessful efforts to win a representation election among the workers in a firm, union leaders decide to launch a corporate campaign against the firm. The decision to launch a corporate campaign takes place at what level within the three tiered model?

strategic level

According to the three tiered model of industrial relations, the external environment includes

the demographic context

The person most deserving of the title, "father of U.S. industrial relations," is

John R. Commons

Did institutional economists, Marxians, and other social reformers all believe that under conditions of "free competition," individual workers would deal with employers from a position of unequal bargaining power?

Yes

Did unions in the United States not fare well in representation elections during the 1970s?

No they did well during this time period

True/False
The basic difference between welfare capitalism and the human relations movement is that the former stresses social conditions whereas the latter stresses work conditions?

False

True/False
After World War I, there was a surge in union activity as unions took advantage of open shop movements which allowed unions the freedom to organize the workers without any significant backlash from management.

False

True/False
Under Eugene V. Debs the American Federation of Labor espoused the concept of business unionism

False

True/False
Initially, the American Federation of Labor favored the organization of workers into separate craft unions.

True

Industrial relations in the 1960's were characterized by

employee militancy at the workplace. the growth of human resource professionals.increased demand for white collar and technical workers. increased union membership in the public sector.

Within the strategic level of the New Deal industrial relations system,

There is a separation of duties between management and labor whereby management acts, and the union reacts

What does yellow dog contracts do?

They prevented workers from joining unions at their workplaces.

Which of the following is an example of the power-broker function of the NLRA?
- A group of employees desiring to unionize seek the approval of the NLRB to determine the bargaining unit.
-An employee faces a Section 8 violation for wrongful firing an employee.
-A school district teacher's contract delineates who is an employee for purpose of pay/benefit determination.
-During an economic recession, the employer engages in hard bargaining tactics by standing firmly by a smaller than usual wage increase, fulfilling its duty to bargain in good faith.

During an economic recession, the employer engages in hard bargaining tactics by standing firmly by a smaller than usual wage increase, fulfilling its duty to bargain in good faith.

Which of the following is true about the Taft Hartley Act?
-It allows states to pass right-to-work laws.
-It allows closed shops.
-It allows employers to make anti union statements and threats.
-It allows unions to make sure all members engage in union activity.

It allows states to pass right-to-work laws.

What distinguishes labor law from employment law?

Employment law covers both union and nonunion employees.

Which of the following are unfair labor practices by the union?
-Union A forces all new hires to join the union by threatening all new hires with physical reprisals if they refuse.
-Union B claims that it is the representative of all the workers, and demands that the employer bargain with it though the NLRB has not yet declared the union to be duly certified.
-Union C has recently been in debt for services that were not work related. However, the union argues that because it is the duly certified representative of all the employees, the employer must pay for some of its debt.
-Union D is part of a large organization of other unions that decides to bargain as a group during negotiations. However, the employer refuses to join its counterpart association of other employers. Thus, the union decides to go on a sit down strike until the employer is willing to bargain along with the other employers.
-All of the above

All of the above

The Landrum Griffin Act

regulates internal union elections, such as nomination and campaign rules

What case is associated with the conspiracy doctrine?

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Under the NLRA the "duty to bargain in good faith" is applicable to whom?

employees and employers

True/False
Compared to other countries, the United States tends to have relatively little direct government regulation of employment conditions

True

True/False
One reason why scholars believe collective bargaining should be promoted is that employees and employers have a better understanding of their needs and problems than do outsiders.

True

True/False
The NLRB orders remedies for ULPs, such as payment of loss wages or reinstatement in wrongful firing cases for example.

True

True/False
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave the federal government increased regulatory powers concerning workplace decisions on promotions, transfer, seniority, and other terms of employment.

True

True/False
Employment discrimination law is only applicable to nonunion employees.

False

True/False
Some believe that microelectric technology can lead to more bureaucratic, higher skilled work and further growth in real incomes.

False

True/False
In certain industries, one factor that has reduced the union's ability to keep wages out of competition is deregulation.

True

True/False
Alfred Marshall argued that unions are most powerful when the demand for their labor is highly elastic.

False

True/False
Declines in product demand have been shown to have a weaker downward effect on wages in non union sectors than in union sectors.

False

True/False
Although both management and labor's total power suffers during an economic downturn, labor's relative power and strike leverage usually declines as well.

True

What are the implications for a shift to a greater service sector, part-time and home-based employment in the United States?

-Union organizing becomes difficult and requires nontraditional techniques
-weakened bargaining leverage through strikes

What supports the view that unions cause inflation?

-evidence which shows that union wages respond less to changing economic conditions.
-union contracts are often multiyear.

Political power influences bargaining power through...

1. Affecting government regulation of pay policies like minimum wage.
2.Affecting government regulation of social welfare policies like social security pensions.

One way unions can make the demand for the final product more price inelastic is by

influencing consumer action through "Buy Union" campaigns.

Why do some labor leaders want to abandon the NLRA?

1. Increased use of employer tactics such as the ability to file numerous challenges and requests for postponements during the election period.
2. enormous delays in the decisions and representation elections that are caused in part by a lack of commitment to the NLRA.
3. frustrations with the current labor board administration.
4. increased union avoidance tactics by management.

Unions will have more strike leverage

during the upswing of a business cycle.

One of the main challenges that unions will face as a result of ongoing demographic changes is that

it will be much more difficult for unions to maintain internal solidarity because of the increasing diversity of the work force.

What are some of the characteristics of the labor force in the American economy?

-Women's participation is increasing rapidly, but are underrepresented in the unionized sector.
-The traditional constituency of union workers is declining.
-The median age of the workforce will be increasing in the near future.
-Current union members are less well educated than new entrants in the workforce.

The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 did all of the following, except..
-Expanded collective bargaining to the private sector
-Passed during the Depression
-Increased court intervention in labor disputes
-outlawed Yellow-Dog contracts

Increased court intervention in labor disputes

The agency that is responsible for regulating the conduct of collective bargaining in the federal sector is

The Federal Labor Relations Authority.

True/False
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 weakened the enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

False

True/False
Unfair labor practices can be committed by either the employer or the union

True

True/False
In representation elections, the employer determines the appropriate bargaining unit.

False

True/False
The NLRA includes an exclusive representation system with the bargaining unit as the basic organizational unit.

True

True/False
One reason why the National Labor Relations Act was declared unconstitutional was that it gave unions the right to organize.

False

True/False
Bargaining power is defined as the ability of one party to achieve its goals in bargaining in the presence of opposition by another party to the process.

True

True/False
One reason why there has been increasing pressure on the union sector from nonunion competition is because employers have been able more easily to shift production to nonunion sites.

True

True/False
Declines in product demand have been shown to have a weaker downward effect on wages in non union sectors than in union sectors.

False

True/False
The union nonunion relative wage differential widened dramatically during the early 1980's, lending support to the idea that unions indeed cause inflation to rise.

False

True/False
When unions sought recourse through the NLRB or the courts to block management practices like the movement of operations to other sites, they received little help.

True

Analysis of a wide range of poll data shows that

Americans approve of unions in general and believe in the right of workers to join unions of their own choosing.

What is the common element across the three nonunion patterns in terms of management policy?

-Management's preference to remain nonunion
-Management's desire to pursue company objectives that have little to do with union status

The term labor relations staff refers to staff with responsibility of handling:

1. Union-organizing attempts
2. Contract administration

Why do larger firms opt for the bureaucratic pattern of personnel administration over the paternalistic pattern?

Larger firms find the diversity in personnel policies common to paternalistic firms unsettling and costly

What patterns have hierarchical worker-manager relations?

Paternalistic and Bureaucratic

What factors influence which industrial relations pattern non-union firms follow?

-Management values and strategies
-Business strategies

What is characteristic of firms that utilize the union substitution approach?

Financially able to afford specialized personnel

Which pattern was the form of collective bargaining in the United States that dominated until the 1980s (and continues in a number of unionized firms)?

New Deal Pattern

Which of the following elements are found in the participatory pattern of labor relations?

-Quality circle or team meetings to facilitate discussions between supervisors and workers
-Employment security programs

The paternalistic pattern of industrial relations is common among which of the following work places?

Small manufacturing plants and small retail stores

What major league sports' league follows a conflict pattern?

Baseball

True/False
Management's use of suppressive tactics against union activists is present in contemporary industrial relations.

True

True/False
Firms that follow an HRM pattern vigilantly promote unionization.

False

True/False
The number of staff members employed by corporations in relation to the number of unionized employees varies greatly.

True

True/False
Labor relations specialists have been losing power to line managers and human resource specialists making them unnecessary to firms.

False

True/False
Management makes strategic choices in design of personnel policies and employees' desires and expectations, including demand for union representation.

True

True/False
If a local union is a branch of the national union, then the local union is governed by the constitution of bylaws of the national union.

True

True/False
John R. Commons was one of the first to note that union growth was caused by the influence of laws and public policy, such as the NLRA.

False

True/False
Union strategic decisions vary as unions must decide to what extent they seek to promote worker interests through political channels verses collective bargaining.

True

True/False
In states that have right-to-work laws, union membership levels are relatively low.

True

True/False
James Hoffa Jr., president of the Teamsters union, initiated project RISE to end corruption inthe union and the government's oversight of the union's operations.

True

Within Blue collar industries, unions represent workers mostly in...

The semiskilled occupations

Consider the following situation: Employer A decides to talk with its employees during the course of a union election. Employer A and its consultant state that unions are terrible and that they could cause unemployment. This situation identifies what factors as a cause of the decline in union membership?

union avoidance through employer campaign practices.

The AFL-CIO performs?

-It offers extensive research and technical support to individual unions or to unions with common problems.
-It engages in political lobbying and disseminating information to union members about political events and elections.
-Settles or arbitrates jurisdictional disputes among competing unions.

Which of the following is NOT an example of labor's more active role in politics, corporate affairs, and society in the 1990s?

-The AFL-CIO's creation of a new Department of Corporate Affairs
-Coalition-building with the "Living Wage" campaign
-Advocacy of human rights at the international level
-Unwavering support of Democratic congressional and presidential candidates

Unwavering support of Democratic congressional and presidential candidates.

Name one reason for the rapid decline in union membership?

The most highly unionized industries were hit hard by recent recessions and also by the declining competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing goods.

Consider the following situation: Employer A decides to hire human resource managers who set up company complaint procedures and new pay systems. This situation identifies what factor as the cause of the decline in union membership?

employer substitution through personnel practices.

A cyclical explanation of union growth states that

unions grow during times of economic prosperity and decline during times of economic downturns.

Which of the following experienced a sizeable decline in union membership after 1970?

-The construction industry.
-The trucking industry.

Name a trend in union membership?

Membership in the manufacturing sector steadily decreased while membership in the government sector plateaued throughout the 1980s.

The AFL CIO is an organization is composed of

national unions.

Labor relations specialists have been losing power to line managers, and somewhat to a lesser degree, to HR specialists. Firms now want expertise in different areas such as:

union avoidance, cost control, and flexibility in work rules, and achieving these goals requires changes in workplace practices.

True/False
A hostile political environment with low-wage workers and an abundant supply of alternative workers usually leads management to a suppression strategy.

True

True/False
A paternalistic firm usually offers formal leave and sickness policies rather than by case-to-case basis.

False

True/False
In general, there is a high degree of centralization of the responsibility for strategic labor relations policies inside firms.

True

True/False
Within the New Deal pattern, firms usually have highly detailed and formal contracts.

True

True/False
Fifty unions in the United States, account for approximately 75% of all union members.

False

True/False
Historically, the U.S. labor movement has devoted the bulk of its efforts to political action as opposed to collective bargaining. In other words, unions have tried to improve worker conditions through identifying themselves with political parties rather than through collective bargaining.

False

True/False
Merger activity has decreased the number of unions, allowing larger unions to grow even faster.

True

True/False
If a local union is a branch of the national union, then the local union is governed by the constitution or bylaws of the national union.

True

True/False
From its formation in 1886, the AFL has always favored industrial unions as the device to organize skilled workers.

False

"Structural" factors that cause union growth and decline include

historical and legal influences. the influence of laws and public policies.

The role of the shop steward is to

assist a worker when a grievance arises between a worker and a supervisor.

Consider the following situation: Employer A decides to hire human resource managers who set up company complaint procedures and new pay systems. This situation identifies what factors as a cause of the decline in union membership?

employer substitution through personnel practices.

Which of the following trends in union membership are true?

Membership in the manufacturing sector steadily decreased while membership in the government sector plateaued throughout the 1980s.

Where a unionized worker is covered by both a local (plant level) contract and a company-wide contract, the local contract usually covers what?

work rules and job requirements.

One union that grew extensively after 1970 was

the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees.

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