All of the following are representative of developmental growth during adolescence except

C. each participant group described the same type of individuals when asked to describe a close acquaintance

D. the position of an individual in society shapes the way that individual thinks about person perception in his or her daily social interactions

  • Jill is having a conversation with her best friend. She is revealing how she sees herself and includes her attributes, characteristics and qualities. Jill is revealing information about her:

    • A. self-concept

    B. self-definition

    C. the independent self

    D. the interdependent self

  • Which of the following is true about our self-descriptions?

    • A. age is not a factor that shapes our self-descriptions

    B. cognitive abilities do not connect to our self-descriptions

    C. cultural heritage does not shape our self-descriptions

    D. our cultural experiences shape the way we see ourselves and our self-descriptions

  • In one study, Loving explored how cultural values and parental goals shape the adjectives Mexican participants used to describe the self. Findings from this study suggest that:

    • A. most participants generally focused upon how they see themselves

    B. many participants included adjectives that related to material possessions

    C. participants provided adjectives such as polite and courteous which connected to important cultural values

    D. many participants described themselves in terms of the work that they did

  • In her study which compared the self-definitions of Chinese children and European American children, Wang found:

    • A. Chinese children included more information about their personal preferences than European-American children did

    B. Chinese children boasted more about their abilities than European American children did

    C. Chinese children described themselves in more positive terms than European-American children did

    D. Chinese children’s self-descriptions focused more upon social roles and responsibilities than European-American children did

  • Children learn their cultural values and beliefs from their participation in cultural routines. Which of the following examples would not highlight this position?

    • A. a family having dinner out at a restaurant

    B. a teacher helping a child with a difficult lesson

    C. several children negotiating conflict during a game

    D. a child watching an animal in its natural habitat

  • Which of the following is a popular measure used to discover differences in people’s self concepts?

    • A. The Interdependent Independent Self Test

    B. The Twenty Statements Test

    C. The Self-Definition Test

    D. The Self-Concept Test

  • One reason people use the 20 statements test in research is that:

    • A. it is quick and easy to use

    B. it can be given in any language

    C. it has few cultural biases

    D. participants respond to hypothetical situations with provided adjectives

  • In their cross-cultural study, Church and Katigbak asked college students from diverse cultural communities to complete the 20 questions test and other measures. They found:

    • A. all participants focused on group traits

    B. self-concepts contained elements of either exclusively the interdependent or the independent self

    C. all participants focused upon personal traits

    D. self-concepts may relate more to cultural worldviews than particular geographic areas

  • In this model of the self, the self stands alone. It is bounded, separate from its surroundings, in personal attributes are central to it. Cultural values that connect to this self include uniqueness and autonomy. It is the:

    • A. the interdependent self

    B. the independent self

    C. the relational self

    D. the encompassing self

  • In this model of the self, the self is sensitive to relationship changes, is situationally defined, social roles are more important to it than personal attributes, and emphasis is placed upon behaving according social norms. It is:

    • A. the interdependent self

    B. the independent self

    C. the relational self

    D. the encompassing self

  • Julius this in the cultural community where there is a social hierarchy based on age. In this community elders are accorded respect and accept the role of protecting and taking responsibility for others well-being. In this community which of the following models of the self is dominant:

    • A. the interdependent self

    B. the independent self

    C. the relational self

    D. the encompassing self

  • Mascolo and colleagues conducted a cross-cultural comparison of Indian and American self- descriptions. Which of the following is true regarding their study?

    • A. Indian participants focused upon personal attributes more than American participants did

    B. American participants focused more upon relational attributes then Indian participants did

    C. participant self-descriptions from both cultural groups included both personal and relational attributes

    D. Indian and American self-descriptions that supported independent self-construals contained similar content

  • Chung-Fang used an indigenous approach to study the Chinese conception of self. In her work, she notes the Chinese worldview of the Yin and Yang connects to the concept of self.

    • Which of the following is central to the Yin/Yang model?

    A. the use of categories to organize the world

    B. the notion that Yin and Yang are independent constructs

    C. the use of similar word pairs to process information

    D. the importance of situations and relationships

  • In developing a Chinese conception of self, and individual strives to:

    • A. achieve pleasant relationships with people

    B. achieve a social distance from others

    C. achieve a sense of pride

    D. achieve a sense of accomplishment to increase one’s self-esteem

  • Chung-Fang used an indigenous approach to study the Chinese conception of self. Which of the following is a metaphor that many Chinese live by and help them shape the way they think about themselves and others?

    • A. Yin/Yang

    B. Da Wo/Xiao Wo

    C. the squeaky wheel gets the grease

    D. a nail sticking up should be hammered down

  • Chung-Fang used an indigenous approach to study the Chinese conception of self. Which of the following is true regarding the Chinese conception of self?

    • A. The self is a group making process

    B. the self causes a person’s behavior

    C. a person’s actions do not connect to the self and particular situations

    D. a person does not act to achieve self enhancement

  • Chung-Fang used an indigenous approach to study the Chinese conception of self. In the Chinese worldview the person making process should result in:

    • A. a moral, interdependent, and social human being

    B. a moral, independent, and social human being

    C. a moral, relational, and social human being

    D. a moral, encompassing, and social human being

  • Self-esteem is:

    • A. our personal attributes

    B. the descriptive component of the self

    C. the evaluative component of the self

    D. our personal preferences

  • Which of the following is true about the working self-concept?

    • A. the working self-concept functions like working memory

    B. the working self-concept operates when we are asleep

    C. the working self-concept is not active during social situations

    D. the working self-concept operates when we are unconscious

  • Kanagawa and colleagues explored the connection between situational changes and self- conceptions. Working with Japanese and American college students, they asked participants to complete The Twenty Questions Test using four different situations. They found:

    • A. no similarities between American and Japanese college students responses

    B. Japanese self-descriptions included more material on social roles and physical attributes than American self-descriptions did

    C. socialization practices in interdependent cultural contexts encourage children to distinguish the self from others and expressed their own wants and desires

    D. among Japanese participants relationships were considered private and not like possessions or something you might have.

  • Kanagawa and colleagues explored the connection between situational changes and self- conceptions. They found that American women viewed themselves more positively than Japanese women did whereas Japanese self-descriptions varied with the situation. What might explain this outcome?

    • A. Japanese women develop the self-concept that is bounded in one in which the self is separate from others

    B. Japanese women develop a self-concept that is flexible and situationally dependent

    C. Japanese women have difficulty developing self-esteem

    D. American women develop a self-concept that is flexible and situationally dependent

  • When a golfer shoots a hole in one in Japan, it is often customary that the golfer buys the entire golf party gifts. This behavioral script connects to which of the following cultural values:

    • A. uniqueness

    B. self-expression

    C. humility

    D. autonomy

  • Kitayama and Imada suggest that participation in cultural tasks helps individuals acquire the tools they will need to construct their self-concepts. If you live in a community that supports an independent self which of the following tasks might help you accomplish that goal?

    • A. obeying an authority figure

    B. conforming to group norms

    C. seeking out a leadership role on the team

    D. volunteering to become a team member to help individuals in need

  • Self-efficacy connects to which of the following?

    • A. self-esteem

    B. leadership

    C. confidence

    D. persuasion

  • Bandura believed that we could accomplish self-efficacy through all of the following EXCEPT:

    • A. mastery experiences

    B. social modeling

    C. social persuasion

    D. social values

  • Michael has been working hard on taking apart and putting together a computer. He experienced satisfaction after completing the task. According to Bandura this will help Michael acquire self-efficacy. Michael’s accomplishment illustrates which of the following?

    • A. mastery experiences

    B. social modeling

    C. social persuasion

    D. social values

  • Amanda and her sister make bracelets together all the time. Their caregivers often complement them for how nice their products look. According to Bandura, when someone similar to us is able to complete a task, our confidence to do the same task increases. This is an example of:

    • A. mastery experiences

    B. social modeling

    C. social persuasion

    D. social values

  • Rosa believes that she will be successful in college. Her belief illustrates which of the following concepts?

    • A. mastery experiences

    B. self-efficacy

    C. college self-efficacy

    D. parenting self-efficacy

  • Aguayo and colleagues explored Mexican-Americans self-efficacy as it relates to the college experience. What did they find?

    • A. all second and third generation participants had high college self-efficacy

    B. participants who did not embrace mainstream American values had high self-efficacy

    C. only first generation participants had high college self-efficacy

    D. participants who embrace mainstream American values and also maintain strong ties to the traditional heritage had greater college self-efficacy

  • Aguayo and colleagues explored Mexican-Americans self-efficacy as it relates to the college experience. What did they find?

    • A. A. all second and third generation participants had high college self-efficacy

    B. participants who did not embrace mainstream American values had high self-efficacy

    C. only first generation participants had high college self-efficacy

    D. bicultural participants had higher self-efficacy in part because they could bridge the gap between cultural practices at home and school

  • Suzuki and colleagues compared parenting self-efficacy and Japanese and American mothers. In their study they emphasized one way in which we acquire self-efficacy. What was it?

    • A. mastery experiences

    B. social modeling

    C. social persuasion

    D. social values

  • Suzuki and colleagues compared parenting self-efficacy and Japanese and American mothers. What did they find?

    • A. American mothers reported lesser parenting self-efficacy than Japanese mothers did

    B. American mothers reported lesser satisfaction with their husbands’ social support than Japanese mothers did

    C. Japanese mothers were less satisfied with their husband support than American mothers were

    D. Japanese and American mothers had different perceptions of their mothers’ social support

  • The concept of face connects to all of the following EXCEPT:

    • A. the way others see us

    B. the way others evaluate us

    C. the social roles individuals fulfill in their society

    D. our confidence

  • The Chinese conception of phase has two components. Lien refers to:

    • A. the respect people bestow upon you for behaving in moral ways

    B. how we gain our reputation for success

    C. how we draw attention to ourselves through our wealth and power

    D. our self-image

  • Which cultural community uses “the shield” to help individuals preserve their honor?

    • A. Japanese

    B. Chinese

    C. Kampucheans

    D. Taiwanese

  • There is great deal of cultural variability in the importance and definition of the concept face. Among many Japanese, the conception of face refers to:

    • A. gaining a reputation for success

    B. drawing attention to one’s wealth and power

    C. self-image

    D. respect a person can claim for himself from others

  • The sociologist Erving Goffman believed people acquire meaning about themselves and others in their social world through:

    • A. the concept of face

    B. their ‘performance’ in the presence of others

    C. integrity

    D. honor

  • There is a great deal of cultural variability in the the definition of the concept, face. According to Goffman face is:

    • A. respect

    B. drawing attention to one’s wealth and power

    C. self-image

    D. the strategies people used to protect our relationships with others

  • Katie uses a great deal of impression management strategies to present her best self to others at work. She is polite, mannerly, and behaves appropriately. According to Goffman, Katie is illustrating:

    • A. the ‘back’ stage

    B. the ‘front’ stage

    C. performance

    D. the private self

  • In Goffman’s view, the private self operates in the area:

    • A. the ‘back’ stage

    B. the ‘front’ stage

    C. performance

    D. the public self

  • The motivation for face in China relates to:

    • A. social pressure for fulfilling one’s obligations

    B. taking pride in one’s qualities as they relate to relationships

    C. honor and shame

    D. a person’s accomplishments

  • If a person has ‘no face’, this person has:

    • A. no social standing

    B. a sense of belonging

    C. a sense of being part of the group

    D. a person who matters

  • Which of the following examples illustrates helping someone save face?

    • A. establishing a social relationship

    B. making another child feel inferior

    C. helping another child during an embarrassing moment

    D. praising a child in public for his or her accomplishments

  • Why would an individual want to give face?

    • A. for personal gain

    B. to obtain group approval

    C. to stand out among your peers

    D. to pay off a debt

  • Kim, Cohen, and Au explored the connection of face to the way we construct our self-concepts. Face communities:

    • A. emphasize the importance of how others evaluate the self

    B. emphasize dignity

    C. emphasize self-reflection

    D. emphasize self-evaluation

  • Kim, Cohen, and Au explored the connection of face to the way we construct our self-concepts. Dignity communities:

    • A. emphasize the importance of how others evaluate the self

    B. emphasize the opinions of others in judging the self

    C. emphasize self-reflection

    D. behave to preserve group harmony

  • Eric Erickson believed that this was a major crisis and task associated with the development of an individual’s personality. It is:

    • A. cultural identity

    B. bicultural identity

    C. identity formation

    D. fluid identity

  • Kerry is working on a process in which she incorporates the characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, and values from individuals in the groups to which she belongs. This is an example of:

    • A. socialization

    B. enculturation

    C. acculturation

    D. identification

  • Louis was born in Portugal but when people ask him about his cultural heritage he says he is Brazilian. Louis derives his sense of belonging from the relationships with people he shares common traditions, language, beliefs, and heritage which for him connects to Brazil. For Lewis being Brazilian connects to his:

    • A. cultural identity

    B. bicultural identity

    C. identity formation

    D. fluid identity

  • Wagner and colleagues compared the importance of wearing the veil among Muslim women in Indonesia and in India. Which of the following is not true based on their findings?

    • A. for Indonesian women the experience of wearing the veil connects to modesty and fashion

    B. for Indian women the experience of wearing the veil is a symbol of cultural identity

    C. when Muslim women are a minority, they construct their cultural identity in ways that both separate them from the dominant population and draw them closer to their own in the group

    D. when Muslim women are a majority they constantly feel the need to reaffirm their cultural identity and experience wearing the veil in this way

  • Jean Phinney developed a model to explain how we learn our cultural identity. Which of the following is not one of the three stages included in that model?

    • A. unexamined cultural identity

    B. cultural identity search

    C. cultural identity achievement

    D. bicultural identity search

  • Jean Phinney developed a model to explain how we learn our cultural identity. In which stage do individuals explore their own identity and think about their own cultural traditions, beliefs and attitudes?

    • A. unexamined cultural identity

    B. cultural identity search

    C. cultural identity achievement

    D. bicultural identity search

  • Jean Phinney developed a model to explain how we learn our cultural identity. In which stage
    does an individual show no interest in cultural differences and readily accepts the cultural attitudes and beliefs of caregivers and other socializing agents?

    • A. unexamined cultural identity

    B. cultural identity search

    C. cultural identity achievement

    D. bicultural identity search

  • Which of the following statements is true?

    • A. cultural identity is permanent

    B. cultural identity is fixed at birth

    C. an individual can only have two cultural identities

    D. cultural identity is fluid

  • The process of identity shifting is similar to the linguistic process of:

    • A. changing identities

    B. becoming bicultural

    C. speaking multiple languages

    D. code switching

  • Globalization is a factor that may also shape a person’s identity development. In the work Factory Girls, Chang describes the changes taking place among:

    • A. young Taiwanese woman

    B. young Vietnamese women

    C. young Korean women

    D. young Chinese women

  • Globalization is a factor that may also shape a person’s identity development. Which the following IS NOT true regarding Chang’s work, Factory Girls?

    A. many young women leave rural villages to find work in the cities

    B. many of these young women do not adopt values such as autonomy and self-expression that connect to global cultures

    C. many young women come to realize traditional values will not help them to become successful in global cultures

    D. many of these women become bicultural existing into worlds, the global culture and that of their local communities

  • Richard Shweder’s view of cultural psychology has emphasized that culture creates minds and mind creates culture. Which of the following statements supports this view as it relates to personality?

    • A. individual personalities are culture specific

    B. an individual may have more than one personality

    C. individual personalities shape culture and culture shapes the personality traits we express

    D. personalities are not able to adjust and change with each situation

  • Which of the following is a popular framework psychologists used to study personality traits:

    • A. the FACS

    B. The Five Factor Model

    C. The Cultural Display Role Model

    D. the DSM-5

  • Which of the following IS NOT one of the personality dimensions included in the Five Factor Model of personality?

    • A. openness

    B. conscientiousness

    C. extroversion

    D. introversion

  • Ella is reliable, responsible, hard-working, and able to stay on task. According to the five factor model of personality this connects to which of the following dimensions?

    • A. openness

    B. agreeableness

    C. extroversion

    D. conscientiousness

  • Brian has difficulty in controlling his impulses. According to the five factor model of personality this connects to which of the following dimensions?

    • A. openness

    B. neuroticism

    C. extroversion

    D. conscientiousness

  • In their cross-cultural studies on personality McCrae and colleagues found:

    • A. culturally diverse participants organized their responses around seven factors the same way Americans did

    B. among American samples the five factors remained stable across the lifespan

    C. culturally diverse participants organized their responses around six factors the same way Americans did

    D. among American samples the five factors increase and decrease across the lifespan

  • Hřebičková and colleagues explored whether groups that share linguistic and cultural similarities also share personality traits. In their work with Czech, Polish, and Slovak adolescents, they found:

    • A. no distinct cultural differences

    B. Czech teenagers should score higher on openness and conscientiousness

    C. Slovak teenagers should score higher on extroversion

    D. Polish teenagers would score higher on neuroticism

  • Which country uses the NEO-PI-3 as an occupational screening tool for determining candidates for law enforcement careers?

    • A. China

    B. New Zealand

    C. Australia

    D. Germany

  • Countries use the NEO-PI-3 for different purposes. Which country has utilized this measure to help clinicians diagnose personality disorders?

    • A. China

    B. New Zealand

    C. Australia

    D. Germany

  • Cheung and her research team explored indigenous personality research. Which of the following IS TRUE about the Interpersonal Relatedness factor?

    • A. it is not a very important personality trait to Chinese individuals

    B. it does not connect to local Chinese meanings and behaviors when uses and social interactions

    C. this factor appears to be unique to the Chinese personality

    D. this factor appears in the Five Factor Model

  • Church and his research team studied indigenous Filipino personality traits and terms. Which of the following is an indigenous personality factor that Church and his research team identified?

    • A. social curiosity

    B. interpersonal relatedness

    C. openness

    D. neuroticism

  • Which of the following IS TRUE about the study of personality across cultures?

    • A. the Five Factor Model is relevant in all cultural communities

    B. there are only five personality factors in the human experience

    C. indigenous models and the Five Factor Model are identical

    D. indigenous studies support the importance of using culturally relevant measures to study personality

    What are the four major areas of child development quizlet?

    Terms in this set (5).
    Development. refers to changes that occur over time (birth to old age)..
    Physical development. involves changes in the body and its various systems, brain and its nervous system, bones, muscles, motor skills..
    Social development. ... .
    Cognitive development. ... .
    Emotional development..

    Which of the following are influences on development?

    Development is influenced by nature, nurture, stability, change, continuity, and discontinuity.

    Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development quizlet?

    Of the following, which are examples of biological processes that affect development? Genes inherited from parents, weight gain, cardiovascular decline, hormonal changes of puberty, and brain development.

    Who was the first to create age level norms for child development?

    2. 3. GESELL (ARNOLD) Arnold Gesell's theory is concerned with the physical development of children. Gesell observed hundreds of children and came up with the physical developmental age- norms.
    representative developmental growth adolescence

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