This type of source reports factual information that can be counted on to be true

Sources of information are often categorized as primary or secondary depending upon their originality.
Click here https://vimeo.com/scclibrary/primary-and-secondary-sources/ to view the tutorial.

Primary Sources

A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art.  Primary sources provide the original materials on which other research is based and enable students and other researchers to get as close as possible to what actually happened during a particular event or time period.   Published materials can be viewed as primary resources if they come from the time period that is being discussed, and were written or produced by someone with firsthand experience of the event.  Often primary sources reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.  Primary sources can be written or non-written (sound, pictures, artifacts, etc.).  In scientific research, primary sources present original thinking, report on discoveries, or share new information.

Examples of primary sources:

  • Autobiographies and memoirs
  • Diaries, personal letters, and correspondence
  • Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork
  • Internet communications on email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups
  • Photographs, drawings, and posters
  • Works of art and literature
  • Books, magazine and newspaper articles and ads published at the time
  • Public opinion polls
  • Speeches and oral histories
  • Original documents (birth certificates, property deeds, trial transcripts)
  • Research data, such as census statistics
  • Official and unofficial records of organizations and government agencies
  • Artifacts of all kinds, such as tools, coins, clothing, furniture, etc.
  • Audio recordings, DVDs, and video recordings
  • Government documents (reports, bills, proclamations, hearings, etc.)
  • Patents
  • Technical reports
  • Scientific journal articles reporting experimental research results

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources.  A secondary source is generally one or more steps removed from the event or time period and are written or produced after the fact with the benefit of hindsight.  Secondary sources often lack the freshness and immediacy of the original material.  On occasion, secondary sources will collect, organize, and repackage primary source information to increase usability and speed of delivery, such as an online encyclopedia.  Like primary sources, secondary materials can be written or non-written (sound, pictures, movies, etc.).  

Examples of secondary sources:

  • Bibliographies
  • Biographical works
  • Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases
  • Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers after the event
  • Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book reviews)
  • History books and other popular or scholarly books
  • Works of criticism and interpretation
  • Commentaries and treatises
  • Textbooks
  • Indexes and abstracts

Primary Sources on the web:

https://www.sccollege.edu/Library/Pages/Primary-Sources.aspx

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START HERE: Sites you can use to check facts and media bias

  • Facts
  • Fake News
  • Media Bias

  • Truth or Fiction

    A non-partisan website where "Internet users can quickly and easily get information about eRumors, fake news, disinformation, warnings, offers, requests for help, myths, hoaxes, virus warnings, and humorous or inspirational stories that are circulated by email."

  • PolitiFact

    PolitiFact staffers research statements and rate their accuracy on the Truth-O-Meter, from True to False. The most ridiculous falsehoods get the lowest rating, Pants on Fire.

  • Snopes.com

    This highly regarded rumor analyzing site has been researching rumors since 1995.

Don't get caught using a fake news source! Doublecheck your sources against these lists of fake and/or otherwise unreliable "news" sources:

  • False, Misleading, Clickbait-y, and/or Satirical “News” Sources

    Scroll down to page 3 of this Google Doc to check your sources against the continuously updated list (900+ and counting!) of news sources that are fake, clickbait-y, conspiracy-theorist, or satirical. The list of sources is arranged alphabetically.

  • Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors

    Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side.

  • Media Bias/Fact Check

    An independent media outlet dedicated to educating the public on media bias and deceptive news practices.They maintain a database of 900+ news sources.

  • AllSides

    News and issues from multiple perspectives. The site clearly identifies each news story's position (left, center, or right).

Tips for How to Recognize a Fake News Story

"It's more important than ever to be critical online."

Watch this short video (1 min, 33 sec) to compare real-life experiences with and without fact-checking. Video developed by Swedish fact checker Viralgranskaren and IIS (The Internet Foundation In Sweden).


Source: "Fact checking online is more important than ever," uploaded by MetroSverige, 2016, Standard YouTube License.

Quick guide handout from the library

This type of source reports factual information that can be counted on to be true

Untangling disinformation

Audio below is part of a series from National Public Radio, March 2021

Crash Course videos

  • Navigating Digital Information - Crash Course video playlist

    • This type of source reports factual information that can be counted on to be true

    Short videos with innovative graphics, last updated 2020. Includes videos on: fact checking, evaluating evidence, evaluating photos, and more. Crash Course videos are high-quality, with a mix of live-action and animated graphics.

  • Media Literacy - Crash Course video playlist

    • This type of source reports factual information that can be counted on to be true

    Short videos with innovative graphics, last updated 2020. Includes videos on: history of media literacy, media influence & persuasion, online advertising, the darker side of media, and more. Crash Course videos are high-quality, with a mix of live-action and animated graphics.

Is a planned structured conversation where one person asks questions and another answers them?

An interview is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee.

Which of the following is an example of demographic audience data?

Demographic information examples include: age, race, ethnicity, gender, marital status, income, education, and employment.

Which of the following should one remember while evaluating secondary sources of information?

Which of the following should one remember while evaluating secondary sources of information? The latest version of an online article is preferred to the older version.

When using statistics in a speech always remember that they must be verified?

ch11
Question
Answer
in preparing statistics for a speech, a speaker should
use statistics that will not mislead
when using statistics in a speech, always remember that
they must be verified
to sue statistics effectively
use them comparatively to clarify and explain
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