The five-factor model of personality is _____ in that it _____ across cultures and language.

Social psychologists explain behavior by the situation, whereas: personality psychologists attribute behavior to enduring ______.

The five major dimensions of personality are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, ________, and openness to experience.

“Big Five” traits of personality and their widespread adoption and acceptance owes much to the research and theory of Robert McCrae and________

Presently, most researchers who study personality traits agree that _____, and only _____, and no fewer than _____ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques.

Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only _____ major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach.

Allport’s major contribution to trait theory may have been his identification of nearly ______ trait names in an unabridged English language dictionary

The Five-Factor Theory (often called_______) includes neuroticism and extraversion; but it adds openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an _______ of gathering data; that is, they began with no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types.

The largest and most frequently studied of the normal traits are the __ personality factors found on Cattell’s (1949) ____ Personality Factors Questionnaire (__ PF Scale).

Factor analysis is largely the collection and quantifying of observations, and then demonstrating ________.

Traits generated through factor analysis may be either _______ or bipolar.

The advocates of the Five-Factor Theory favor the ________ rotation.

Used in an attempt to achieve simple structure, this factor rotation method forces eigenvectors (factors) to remain uncorrelated (r = 0)

Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell's

use of oblique (method) rotation.

The Big Five began as a ___________________ ; that is, a classification system.

Costa and McCrae's first two factors were neuroticism and ____________________.

Costa and McCrae's A factor represents _________________ 

Characteristic adaptations are among the ________________ components of personality.

Everything a person does across the lifespan is an objective ________________.

McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both predict and ______ behavior

Research suggests that the traits of the Big Five are ____________________ over time and consistent across cultures

According to McCrae and Costa, personality traits are fairly consistent after the age of _____________.

OCEAN openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

The theory that there are five basic dimensions to personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

(TRUE/FALSE) Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to situational traits.

(TRUE/FALSE) Historically psychologists concur on a unique set of personality traits that target the major dimensions of personality.

(TRUE/FALSE)There are ten major dimensions of personality that have been widely accepted by personality psychologists. 

(TRUE/FALSE) Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only seven major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach.

(TRUE/FALSE) The Five-Factor Theory (often called the Big Five) includes neuroticism and extraversion; but it adds openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

(TRUE/FALSE) Traits are more stable than states

(TRUE/FALSE) Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an deductive method of gathering data.

(TRUE/FALSE) Cattell used three different media of observation to examine people called X data, Y data, and Z data.

(TRUE/FALSE) Cattell classified traits into temperament, motivation, and ability.

(TRUE/FALSE) The largest and most frequently studied of Cattell’s normal traits are the 16 personality factors found on Cattell’s (1949) Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF Scale).

(TRUE/FALSE) Factor anaylsis is based solely upon the observations of people’s behaviors.

(TRUE/FALSE) The advocates of the Five-Factor Theory favor the orthogonal rotation to demonstrate fewer, meaningful traits.

(TRUE/FALSE) McCrae and Costa are currently the only researchers seriously investigating the Big Five factors.

(TRUE/FALSE) McCrae and Costa do not consider the Big Five to be a theory.

(TRUE/FALSE) According to McCrae and Costa, the Five Factor Model and the Five Factor Theory are terms that can be used interchangeably.

(TRUE/FALSE) Although they have published much together, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa live nearly 3,000 miles apart.

(TRUE/FALSE) The A factor in the Big Five theory represents anxiety.

(TRUE/FALSE) People in the United States score considerably higher on measures of extraversion than do people in Spain.

(TRUE/FALSE) According to McCrae and Costa, the ultimate source of human behavior is childhood experience.

(TRUE/FALSE) McCrae and Costa believe that personality traits are nearly completely determined by early adolescence.

Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to_________. a. day to minute situation b. enduring traits c. cognitive displacement d. overt emotionalism

A trait is best described as a. a cluster of surface factors. b. a temporary attitude toward a person or event. c. a relatively permanent disposition of a person. d. an environmentally determined hypothetical construct that shapes an individual's behavior and thought.

Mathematically, the technique of reducing a number of variables to a smaller number is called a. induction. b. the experimental method. c. variance. d. factor analysis.

Today most researchers who study personality traits agree that __, and only __, and no fewer than __ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 16

Which of the following statements is true? a. Traits are of two kinds—dispositional and hypothetical. b. Traits are more permanent than states. c. Traits represent a broader concept than factors. d. Traits cannot be extracted through the use of factor analysis.

Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only __ major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach. a. 3 b. 5 c. 16 d. 18,000

Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an (a) _________ of gathering data. a. deductive method b. comparison method c. intuition method d. inductive method

Cattell’s famous personality scale is called the _______. a. NEO-Personality Inventory b. FIRO-B c. MBTI d. 16 PF Scale

The advocates of the Five-Factor Theory favor the _______ rotation of factor analysis. a. orthogonal b. triangulated c. oblique d. hexagonal

McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both ______ and _____ behavior. a. forecast, foretell b. predict, explain c. identify, analyze d. measure, hypothesize

The Five Factors have been found across cultures and show some permanence with _____. a. race b. age c. gender d. sexual orientation

The fifth factor of the Big Five is _______ and describes people who are ordered, controlled, organized, ambitious, achievement focused, and self-disciplined. a. conscientiousness b. agreeableness c. neuroticism d. extraversion

The A in McCrae and Costa's theory stands for a. anxiety. b. aggression. c. agreeableness. d. activity.

Currently, the Big Five can most accurately be called a. a model. b. an armchair speculation. c. a taxonomy. d. a theory.

Factor C in the Five-Factor theory is a. consistency. b. cooperation. c. conscientiousness. d. compromise.

People who score low on ______________ tend to be quiet and reserved. a. intelligence b. psychoticism c. compromise d. extraversion

According to McCrae and Costa, the ultimate contributor to personality is a. biology. b. self-concept. c. childhood experience.. d. the ability to adapt to new experiences.

A person's view of what he or she is like is called _____. a. self-concept. b. objective biology. c. external influences. d. characteristic adaptations.

According to McCrae and Costa, the Big Five factors comprise a person's a. characteristic adaptations. b. objective biography. c. basic tendencies. d. external influences.

The theories of McCrae and Costa and of Eysenck rate a. high on biological determinants of personality. b. high on teleology. c. low on their ability to generate research. d. high on free will vs. determinism.

Traits generated through factor analysis may be either unipolar (scaled from zero to some large amount) or bipolar (having two opposing poles, such as introversion and extraversion).

Explain the difference between the Five Factor Model and the Five-Factor Theory. 

The Five Factor Model is a taxonomy of basic personality traits while the Five Factor Theory explains and predicts how personality is expressed

List and elaborate on McCrae and Costa's five factors - Extraversion

(one of the strongest and most ubiquitous traits. ) high score characteristics include: affectionate, joiner, talkative, fun loving, active, and passionate. low score characteristics include: reserved, loner, quiet, sober, passive and unfeeling.

List and elaborate on McCrae and Costa's five factors - Neuroticism

Neuroticism (one of the strongest and most ubiquitous traits.) high score characteristics include:anxious, temperament, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, vulnerable. low score characteristics include: : calm, relaxed, uemotional, hardy

List and elaborate on McCrae and Costa's five factors - Openness

high score characteristics include: imaginative, creative, original, prefers variety, curious, liberal and question traditional. low score characteristics include:down-to-earth, uncreative, conventional, prefer routine, incurious, and conservative.

List and elaborate on McCrae and Costa's five factors - Agreeableness

high score characteristics include: softhearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient and good-natured. low score characteristics include:ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, critical and irritable.

List and elaborate on McCrae and Costa's five factors - Conscientiousness

high score characteristics include: conscientious, hardworking, well-organized, punctual, ambitious and preserving. low score characteristics include: negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless and quitting.

Explain the difference between the self-concept and objective biography

Core component: our perspective. Can be subjective. Self Concept is a character adaptation. However it is an important adaptation. Includes: knowledge, views and evaluations of the self. It can include our sense of purpose, beliefs, attitudes and feelings one has about their self. Objective Biography is a Peripheral component “everything a person does or thinks over a lifetime” Objective not subjective view. Part of the cumulative record of our life events.

What are the three central/core components of Five factor theory?

Basic Tendencies Characteristic Adaptations Self Concept

Core component - 5 personality traits: (extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientious). Essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their stability over time and situation

FFT - Characteristic Adaptations

Core component - personality structures that are obtained and developed as a result of a person adapting to their environment. Basic tendencies are stable versus characteristic adaptations are flexible. Characteristic adaptations allow us to shape and fit into our environment on an ongoing basis. Differ from culture to culture.

Core component - is a character adaptation. However it is an important adaptation. Includes: knowledge, views and evaluations of the self. It can include our sense of purpose, beliefs, attitudes and feelings one has about their self.

Three Peripheral Components of Five Factor Theory

Biological Bases Objective Biography External Influences

What three issues are particularly problematic for five-factor theory?

1. Doesn't talk about dynamic processes that link personality structures to personality processes and not clear how they could be explained
2. Research findings contradict idea that traits are not affected by social factors
3. There is no evidence to support the claim that every individual possesses each of the five factors

Four major trait theories of personality are? 

-Allports trait theory - Eysenck's, three factor theory (pen) -Cattell's, factor-analytic trait theory -Costa and Mcrae's, five factor theory

Peripheral component-Biological mechanisms that influence basic tendencies. This includes: genes, hormones, and brain structures. Findings to date show environment does not have a direct role in influencing

Peripheral component-“everything a person does or thinks over a lifetime” Objective not subjective view. Part of the cumulative record of our life events.

Peripheral component-How we choose to respond to the opportunities and demands of the external world. The responses are a function of two things: 1) characteristic adaptations and 2) interactions with external influences. Behaviour is a function of the interaction between characteristic adaptations and external influences.

Distinguish between the Big Five as a taxonomy and as a theory.

Big 5 Theory tries to identify basic personality traits as explained by factor analysis. Similar to how taxonomies generate a classification system. Once the 5-Factor Model become a theory, as it generated research and was able to both predict and explain behaviour.

The Big Five: Taxonomy or Theory?

• Taxonomies are not theories • The Five-Factor Model began as an attempt to identify basic personality traits as revealed by factor analysis • Evolved into a taxonomy • The model then became a theory   – It can predict and explain behavior

What are the five factors in the five

What are the factors of personality?

Which is not one of the personality traits in the five

How was the Big Five theory developed?