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Archived ContentInformation identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please "contact us" to request a format other than those available. ArchivedThis page has been archived on the Web. The Canadian trade union movement grew out of the industrialization of the economy at the end of the 19th Century. At that time, unions were predominately a male domain and remained so until the 1960s. Today, a union member is slightly more likely to be a woman, and working in an office, school or hospital, while factory workers, miners and other blue collar trades have seen their union membership fall over the past quarter century. The decline in the unionization rate is not a recent phenomenon. In Canada, most of the decline took place in the 1980s and 1990s. Since Statistics Canada began measuring unionization through household surveys, the rate of unionization has fallen from 37.6% in 1981 to 28.8% in 2014. Trends differ by sex, however. The title of the graph is "Chart 1 Unionization rate of employed individuals aged 17 to 64, 1981 to 2014"
Statisticians generally measure union activity in two ways: unionization rate and coverage rate. This Megatrend uses the unionization rate because longer trend data are available for these rates. Rates fall among men, young workersThe decrease in the unionization rate was most evident among men, falling from just over 42% in 1981 to 27% in 2014, a decline of almost 15 percentage points. The largest decrease—8 percentage points—took place in the 1990s. On account of this decline, the unionization rate of men in 2014 was 2 points below the rate for women, whereas in 1981, it was almost 11 percentage points higher. During the same period, the unionization rate for women was relatively stable, varying between 30% and 32%. A. Unionization rate for men, by age group (%)The title of the graph is "Chart 2 - Unionization rate for men, by age group (%)."
B. Unionization rate for women, by age group (%)The title of the graph is "Chart 2 - Unionization rate for women, by age group (%)."
The fall in the unionization rate was greatest among young workers. The rate for men decreased for every age group, but was especially pronounced in the 25-to-34 and 35-to-44 age groups. The unionization rate for young women also decreased, but to a lesser extent, mainly because the declines in the 1980s and 1990s were offset by gains in the 2000s. Conversely, older women were the lone group to see their rate increase between 1981 and 2014: up 4 percentage points for the 45-to-54 age group and 7 percentage points higher for the 55-to-64 age group. Employment shiftsOne reason for the decline in the unionization rate for young men was the employment shift from industries and occupations with high unionization rates, such as construction and manufacturing, to industries and occupations with lower rates, such as retail trade and professional services. The increase in the unionization rate for older women may be explained by their concentration in industries with a high unionization rate, such as health care and social assistance, education services and public administration. From 1999 to 2014, public sector unionization rates grew from 70.4% to 71.3%. Private sector rates fell from 18.1% to 15.2% over the same years. However, employment shifts were not the sole reason for changes in the unionization rate. For example, among men aged 25 to 34, employment shifts were behind less than half of the total decrease in the unionization rate from 1981 to 1998. This means that changes within industries and occupations also played a role. Rates have fallen in all provinces. In 2014, Alberta had the lowest unionization rates, 20.3%, while Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador, at almost 36%, had the highest rates. DefinitionsUnionization rate: the number of employed individuals who are union members as a proportion of the total number of employed individuals within a defined framework (enterprise, occupation, economic sector, etc.). Coverage rate: the proportion of employed individuals, both union members and non-unionized employees, covered by a collective agreement. ReferencesGalarneau, D. and T. Sohn. 2013. “Long term trends in unionization,” Insights on Canadian Society, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-006-X. Morissette, R., G. Schellenberg and A. Johnson. 2005. “Diverging trends in unionization,” Perspectives on Labour and Income, Vol. 6, no. 4, April, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Riddell, W.C. 1993. “Unionization in Canada and the United States: A Tale of Two Countries,” Small Differences That Matter: Labor Market and Income Maintenance in Canada and the United States, edited by David Card and Richard B. Freeman, University of Chicago Press. Resource personsTo enquire about the concepts, methods and data quality in this publication, contact Diane Galarneau (613-854-3018), Labour Statistics Division. Which statement about the industrial workforce toward the end of the 19th century is true?Which statement about the industrial workforce toward the end of the 19th century is true? It was increasing in size in part from internal and international migration.
How did horizontal integration help businesses 5 points?1) It reduced the costs along the supply chain, from mining to transportation to manufacturing. 2) It established a company as a monopoly by incorporating all of the competition. 3) It assigned one worker to a job, which helped reduce wasted time and accelerate manufacturing.
What was the problem with company unions in the 1920s quizlet?What was the problem with company unions in the 1920s? They did not give workers a voice in management. What did an "open shop" mean with regard to unions? One did not have to be a union member to work there.
What did the settlement house movement do Flvs?Its main object was the establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors.
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Public support for the labor union movement during the late 19th century decreased when (5 points)
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