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2017 Summer I
A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. Same place, same time, nothing more. Ex: Passengers on an airplane, people waiting at a stoplight a # of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education, level, age, race, or gender) Share a "characteristic". Little more. Ex: Men, women, Native Americans, Latinos, victims of racial harassment a collection of 2/more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. Created primary and secondary groups? A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. We have these groups with significant others (often role models). a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. Created ingroup and outgroup? a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility. The presence of an ____ or a ___ group binds members more closely together. feelings of group superiority. Ingroups; reference group _____ provide us not only with a source of identity but also w/a point of reference. A ____ ____ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member. Influences w/out membership. ____ say that people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs. Task-oriented. Needs cannot always be met by one person, so the group works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal. Ex: Football team or people building a skyscraper. emotional. Especially those involving self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers. ____ theorists suggest that groups also involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served. ____ interactionists focus on how the size of a group influences the kind of interaction that takes place among its members To many ____, groups and organizations (like other aspects of ____ societies) are generally characterized by superficiality and deathlessness in social relationships. _____ Jameson believed people experience a waning of emotion in organizations where fragmentation and superficiality are a way of life. a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted w/one another and to interact simultaneously. Created the diad and tryad? one of the original social network theorists. Size of the group matters. a group composed of 2 members. Simmel said that in this, the participation of both members is crucial to the group's survival. Sense of unity not found in most larger groups. If one member withdraws from the group's interaction or "quits,", the group ceases to exist. Ex: Best friends, married couples, etc. A group composed of 3 members. Even if 1 member ignores another or declines to participate, the group can still function. Also, 2 members may unite to create a ____ that can subject the 3rd member to group pressure to conform or be seen as an outsider/intruder. A ____ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective/goal. Highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals. # of members the group actually has. goal- or task-oriented leadership an approach to leadership that provides emotional support for members. People who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members. Leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building. leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions. the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply w/the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group. Pressure to conform is especially strong in ____ groups in which members want to fit in with the group. Pressure toward group conformity was so great in this study that participants were wiling to contradict their own best judgement if the rest of the group disagreed w/them. Studied people's obedience to authority (obedience is a form of compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority) Ethics of research "____" In Milgram's and Asch's, the subjects were deceived about the nature of the study. Many found it extremely stressful, and it could've cause emotional scars. members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. ___ used this term after studying group decision making among political experts. He found major blunders in US history can be attributed to pressure toward group conformity. Etzioni; Normative, coercive, and utilitarian Types of formal organizations Sociologist ____ put them in 3 categories-_____, ____, and ___-based on the nature of membership in each Normative (voluntary) organizations We join these voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige. Class, gender, and race are important determinants of a person's participation in a ___ org. Ex: Political parties, activist groups, religious organizations, sororities ___ (socioeconomic status based on a person's edu, occupation, and income) is the most significant predictor of whether a person will participate in mainstream normative organizations People are forced to join. Resocialize people through incarceration. Restrictive barriers that make it impossible for people to leave freely. If they leave without being officially dismissed, it's an "escape" Ex: Boot camps and prisons Join voluntarily when they can provide us w/a material reward. To make a leaving or earn a degree, we must participate in organizations that can give us these opportunities. They're not always completely voluntary. For example, most people must continue to work even if the conditions of their employment are less than ideal. an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters. ___ was interested in the historical trend toward bureaucratization that accelerated during the Industrial Revolution. To ____, bureaucracy was the most "rational" and efficient means of attaining organizational goals b/c it contributed to coordination and control. According to Weber, ____ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures. It can be seen in all aspects of our lives, from small colleges to multinational corporations. According to Weber, an ____ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). Division of Labor Hierarchy of Authority Rules and Regulations Qualification-based employment Impersonality Weber's ideal characteristics (5)? Bureaucratic organizations are characterized by specialization, and each member has highly specialized tasks to fulfill. In a bureaucracy, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. Few individuals at the top have more power and control. Those who are lower report to and take orders from those above them. People are the top are responsible for their own actions and the actions of those that they supervise. Establish authority w/in an organization. ___ are typically standardized and provided to members in a written format. In theory, written rules and ____ offer clear-cut standards for determining satisfactory performance so that each new member doesn't have to reinvent the ____. Qualification-based employment Bureaucracies require competence and hire staff members and professional employees _________. Individual performance is evaluated against specific standards, and promotions are based on merit as spelled out in personnel policies. Bureaucracies require that everyone must play by the same rules and be treated the same. Personal feelings shouldn't interfere w/organizational decisions. Ritzer's process that has become a global phenomenoncan be seen in fast-food places and other "speedy" businesses. Efficiency Predictability Emphasis on quantity rather than quality Control through nonhuman technologies Ritzer's 4 dimensions of formal rationality Efficiency-Drive-through window. Predictability-Big Mac isn't any different in NY than LA and if we get one today it won't be different tomorrow. Emphasis on quantity rather than quality-Big Mac. Nonhuman technologies-Unskilled cooks following detailed directions and assembly-line methods applied to the cooking and serving of the food. Explain the examples of Ritzer's dimensions Weber's ideal type largely failed to take into account the ____ side of bureaucracy. Informal side of bureaucracy Those aspects of participant's day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond w/the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy. Ex: An informal "grapevine" that spreads info. (w/varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. The informal structure has also been called ____ ___ b/c it includes the ideology and practices of workers on the job. Workers create ___ ____ to confront, resist, or adapt to the constraints of their jobs, as well as to guide and interpret social relations on the job. One approach emphasizes control of informal groups in order to ensure greater worker productivity. By contrast, the other asserts that informal groups should be nurtured b/c such networks may serve as a means of communication and cohesion among individuals. Large organizations would be unable to function w/out strong informal norms and relations among participants. Informal side-good or bad? Explain. Inefficiency and rigidity Resistance to change Perpetuation of race, gender, and class inequalities Problems of bureaucracy (3)? Inefficiency and rigidity; Ritualism Workers ____ (they become most concerned w/ "going through the motions" and "following the rules". Inefficiency and rigidity; Goal Displacement ____ _____-A process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival become more important than achievement of goals. Inefficiency and rigidity; Bureaucratic personality A psychological construct that describes those workers who are more concerned w/following correct procedures than they are w/getting the job done correctly. Bureaucratic Personality workers Such workers are usually able to handle routine situations effectively but are frequently incapable of handling a unique problem or emergency. Veblen used the term trained incapacity to characterize situations in which workers have become so highly specialized, or have been given such fragmented jobs to do, that they're unable to come up w/creative solutions to problems. At this point they tend to experience bureaucratic alienation-they really don't care what's happening around them. Once bureaucratic organizations are created, they tend to ___ ____. ___ ___ ____ may also lead to incompetence. People get promoted to a higher job and eventually reach a level beyond their capabilities. Perpetuation of race, class, and gender inequalities This structure was typically created for middle-class and upper-middle-class white men. Perpetuation of race, class, and gender inequalities People of color are more adversely affected than dominant-group members by hierarchical bureaucratic structures and exclusion from informal networks. Social class-"Dual labor market" Poor work in low-wage occupations. Gender inequalities-Women in traditionally male organizations may feel more visible and experience greater performance pressure. They may also find it harder to gain credibility in management positions. Political sociologist Michels' Iron Law of Bureaucracy the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few. People with power, use it to increase their power. Leaders have access to info. that other members don't, and they have "____", which they may use to protect their own interests. On the other hand, oligarchy may result when individuals have certain outstanding qualities that make it possible for them to manage, if not control, others. Members choose to look to their leaders for direction; the leaders are strongly motivated to maintain the power and privileges that go w/their leadership positions. Less-rigid hierarchical structures and greater sharing of power and responsibility by all participants Encouragement of all participants to share their ideas and try new approaches to prob. solving Efforts to reduce the # of people in dead-end jobs, train people in needed skills and competencies, and help people meet outside family responsibilities while still receiving equal treatment inside the organization. In the US in the 80s, there was a movement to humanize bureaucracy (to establish an organizational environment that develops rather than impedes human resources. More-humane bureaucracies are characterized by... ____ focuses on long-term employment and company loyalty. Workers often have higher levels of job security than workers in US. Encourages worker loyalty and a high level of productivity. ____ management is characterized as being people oriented, taking a long-term view, and having a culture that focuses on how work gets done rather than on the result alone. Small work groups made up of about 5-15 workers who meet regularly w/1 or 2 managers to discuss the group's performance and working conditions. Purpose of this management is to improve product quality and lower product costs. Workers are motivated to save the corporation $ b/c they will receive bonuses or higher wages for their efforts. These circles create worker satisfaction, help employees develop their potential, and improve productivity. Having ____ ____ organizations is of increasing importance. Organizations must be economically efficient and as equitable as possible. More attention must be paid to "stakeholders" of an org. ___ is the key word for management and change in many organizations, and the use of technology is intricately linked with performing flexible, mobile work anywhere in the world. Need to be ahead of the change instead of adapting to it when it occurs. The "____" (gives info. faster) is an example of... The informal side of bureaucracy is composed of those aspects of participant's day to day activities and interactions that ignore True/False? Which is not a major bureaucracy problem? A school district is run by elected officials which hires a superintendent who hires principals etc. This is an example of bureaucratic Form of compliance in which people follow the direct orders from a person in position of authority A clearly defined chain of command Leadership in secondary groups involves ___, w/written responsibilities assigned to each position Is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel?Created ingroup and outgroup? a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
Is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity?Ingroup - A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.
What is any group to which a person does not belong or identify with?An out-group, conversely, is a group someone doesn't belong to. Often we may feel disdain or competition in relationship to an out-group. Sports teams, unions, and sororities are examples of in-groups and out-groups. People may belong to, or be an outsider to, any of these.
Which type of group leadership encourages group discussion and includes everyone in decision making?Participative leadership is a style of leadership in which all members of the organization work together to make decisions. Participative leadership is also known as democratic leadership, as management teams encourage all employees to participate.
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Is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness and hostility?
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