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Terms in this set (125)accommodation in vision, a change in the ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances accommodation-convergence reflex coordination of somatic control of the medial rectus muscles of either eye with the parasympathetic control of the ciliary bodies to maintain focus while the eyes converge on visual stimuli near to the face anterograde amnesia inability to form new memories from a particular time forward aphasia loss of language function ataxia movement disorder related to damage of the cerebellum characterized by loss of coordination in voluntary movements Babinski sign dorsiflexion of the foot with extension and splaying of the toes in response to the plantar reflex, normally suppressed by corticospinal input cerebrocerebellum lateral regions of the cerebellum; named for the significant input from the cerebral cortex check reflex response to a release in resistance so that the contractions stop, or check, movement clasp-knife response sign of UMN disease when a patient initially resists passive movement of a muscle but will quickly release to a lower state of resistance conduction aphasia loss of language function related to connecting the understanding of speech with the production of speech, without either specific function being lost conductive hearing hearing dependent on the conduction of vibrations of the tympanic membrane through the ossicles of the middle ear conjugate gaze coordinated movement of the two eyes simultaneously in the same direction convergence in vision, the movement of the eyes so that they are both pointed at the same point in space, which increases for stimuli that are closer to the subject coordination exam major section of the neurological exam that assesses complex, coordinated motor functions of the cerebellum and associated motor pathways cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway projection from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum by way of the gray matter of the pons cranial nerve exam major section of the neurological exam that assesses sensory and motor functions of the cranial nerves and their associated central and peripheral structures cytoarchitecture study of a tissue based on the structure and organization of its cellular components; related to the broader term, histology deep tendon reflex another term for stretch reflex, based on the elicitation through deep stimulation of the tendon at the insertion diplopia double vision resulting from a failure in conjugate gaze edema fluid accumulation in tissue; often associated with circulatory deficits embolus obstruction in a blood vessel such as a blood clot, fatty mass, air bubble, or other foreign matter that interrupts the flow of blood to an organ or some part of the body episodic memory memory of specific events in an autobiographical sense expressive aphasia loss of the ability to produce language; usually associated with damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe extrinsic muscles of the tongue muscles that are connected to other structures, such as the hyoid bone or the mandible, and control the position of the tongue fasciculation small muscle twitch as a result of spontaneous activity from an LMN fauces opening from the oral cavity into the pharynx fibrillation in motor responses, a spontaneous muscle action potential that occurs in the absence of neuromuscular input, resulting from LMN lesions flaccid paralysis loss of voluntary muscle control and muscle tone, as the result of LMN disease flaccidity presentation of a loss of muscle tone, observed as floppy limbs or a lack of resistance to passive movement flocculonodular lobe lobe of the cerebellum that receives input from the vestibular system to help with balance and posture gait rhythmic pattern of alternating movements of the lower limbs during locomotion gait exam major section of the neurological exam that assesses the cerebellum and descending pathways in the spinal cord through the coordinated motor functions of walking; a portion of the coordination exam gnosis in a neurological exam, intuitive experiential knowledge tested by interacting with common objects or symbols graphesthesia perception of symbols, such as letters or numbers, traced in the palm of the hand hemisection cut through half of a structure, such as the spinal cord hemorrhagic stroke disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by bleeding within the cranial vault hyperflexia overly flexed joints hypotonicity low muscle tone, a sign of LMN disease hypovolemia decrease in blood volume inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) input to the cerebellum, largely from the inferior olive, that represents sensory feedback from the periphery inferior olive large nucleus in the medulla that receives input from sensory systems and projects into the cerebellar cortex internuclear ophthalmoplegia deficit of conjugate lateral gaze because the lateral rectus muscle of one eye does not contract resulting from damage to the abducens nerve or the MLF intorsion medial rotation of the eye around its axis intrinsic muscles of the tongue muscles that originate out of, and insert into, other tissues within the tongue and control the shape of the tongue ischemic stroke disruption of blood flow to the brain because blood cannot flow through blood vessels as a result of a blockage or narrowing of the vessel jaw-jerk reflex stretch reflex of the masseter muscle localization of function principle that circumscribed anatomical locations are responsible for specific functions in an organ system medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) fiber pathway that connects structures involved in the control of eye and head position, from the superior colliculus to the vestibular nuclei and cerebellum mental status exam major section of the neurological exam that assesses cognitive functions of the cerebrum middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) large, white-matter bridge from the pons that constitutes the major input to the cerebellar cortex motor exam major section of the neurological exam that assesses motor functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerves neurological exam clinical assessment tool that can be used to quickly evaluate neurological function and determine if specific parts of the nervous system have been affected by damage or disease paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) region of the brain stem adjacent to the motor nuclei for gaze control that coordinates rapid, conjugate eye movements paresis partial loss of, or impaired, voluntary muscle control plantar reflex superficial reflex initiated by gentle stimulation of the sole of the foot praxis in a neurological exam, the act of doing something using ready knowledge or skills in response to verbal instruction procedural memory memory of how to perform a specific task pronator drift sign of contralateral corticospinal lesion when the one arm will drift into a pronated position when held straight out with the palms facing upward
receptive aphasia loss of the ability to understand received language, such as what is spoken to the subject or given in written form red nucleus nucleus in the midbrain that receives output from the cerebellum and projects onto the spinal cord in the rubrospinal tract retrograde amnesia loss of memories before a particular event Rinne test use of a tuning fork to test conductive hearing loss versus sensorineural hearing loss Romberg test test of equilibrium that requires the patient to maintain a straight, upright posture without visual feedback of position
rubrospinal tract descending tract from the red nucleus of the midbrain that results in modification of ongoing motor programs saccade small, rapid movement of the eyes used to locate and direct the fovea onto visual stimuli sensorineural hearing hearing dependent on the transduction and propagation of auditory information through the neural components of the peripheral auditory structures sensory exam major section of the neurological exam that assesses sensory functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerves short-term memory capacity to retain information actively in the brain for a brief period of time Snellen chart standardized arrangement of letters in decreasing size presented to a subject at a distance of 20 feet to test visual acuity spasticity increased contraction of a muscle in response to resistance, often resulting in hyperflexia spinocerebellar tract ascending fibers that carry proprioceptive input to the cerebellum used in maintaining balance and coordinated movement spinocerebellum midline region of the cerebellum known as the vermis that receives proprioceptive input from the spinal cord stereognosis perception of common objects placed in the hand solely on the basis of manipulation of that object in the hand stroke (also, cerebrovascular accident (CVA)) loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to a region of the central nervous system superficial reflex reflexive contraction initiated by gentle stimulation of the skin superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) white-matter tract representing output of the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain transient ischemic attack (TIA) temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain in which symptoms occur rapidly but last only a short time vermis prominent ridge along the midline of the cerebellum that is referred to as the spinocerebellum vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) reflex based on connections between the vestibular system and the cranial nerves of eye movements that ensures that images are stabilized on the retina as the head and body move vestibulocerebellum flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum named for the vestibular input from the eighth cranial nerve Weber test use of a tuning fork to test the laterality of hearing loss by placing it at several locations on the midline of the skull Wernicke's area region at the posterior end of the lateral sulcus in which speech comprehension is localized In what order were the sections of the neurological exam tested in this video, and which section seemed to be left out? The doctors perform the gait test to check the coordination of the body followed by the mental status test, motor test sensory test, and the reflex test. The cranial test was not performed in the video. What does history mean in the context of medical practice? The history here refers to the long duration, the tests to determine the effect of a particular condition on various parts of the central nervous system are being performed. These tests are irreplaceable and cannot be taken over by the noninvasive and real time technology available in the modern times. Considering that the effects on memory were temporary, but resulted in the loss of the specific events of the hospital stay, what regions of the brain were likely to have been affected by the antibodies and what type of memory does that represent? The mid-region of the temporal lobe controls the memories. Any malfunctioning in this region of the brain can lead to episodes of memory loss. If the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant in the majority of people, why would right-handedness be most common? The left side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the brain and that is why most of the people are right-handedness as left cerebral hemisphere is dominant in a majority of the people. Why does the examiner ask her to try a second time? The lady did not try to close her eyes while the examiner kept them open as her muscles were relaxed. The closing of eyes while would have established the appropriate strength of the muscles and hence, the doctor asked her to perform the test again. The patient then must indicate whether one or two stimuli are in contact with the skin. Why is the distance between the caliper points closer on the fingertips as opposed to the palm of the hand? And what do you think the distance would be on the arm, or the shoulder?
The fingertips are more sensitive than the palms of the hand and that is why the distance between the calipers on the fingertips is much lesser than the palm of the hand. If contraction is not observed when the skin lateral to the umbilicus (belly button) is stimulated, what level of the spinal cord may be damaged? lack of reflexes in the nelly button area of the body suggests that approximately T9-T11 region of the spinal cord is damaged as the nerves from the umbilicus are attached to this region of the spinal cord. An abnormal finding in the test of station is if the feet are placed far apart. Why would a wide stance suggest problems with cerebellar function? The cerebellum part of the brain that is located Which major section of the neurological exam is most likely to reveal damage to the cerebellum? Coordination Exam What function would most likely be affected by a restriction of a blood vessel in the cerebral cortex? Language Which major section of the neurological exam includes subtests that are sometimes considered a separate set of tests concerned with walking? Coordination Exam Memory, emotional, language, and sensorimotor deficits together are most likely the result of what kind of damage? developmental disorder Where is language function localized in the majority of people? left cerebral hemisphere Which of the following could be elements of cytoarchitecture, as related to Brodmann's microscopic studies of the cerebral cortex? number of neurons per square millimeter Which of the following could be a multimodal integrative area? Wernicke's area Which is an example of episodic memory? your last birthday party Which type of aphasia is more like hearing a foreign language spoken? receptive aphasia What region of the cerebral cortex is associated with understanding language, both from another person and the language a person generates himself or herself? superior temporal gyrus Without olfactory sensation to complement gustatory stimuli, food will taste bland unless it is seasoned with which substance? Salt Which of the following cranial nerves is not part of the VOR? Optic Which nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles that result in the gag reflex? Vagus Which nerve is responsible for taste, as well as salivation, in the anterior oral cavity? facial Which of the following nerves controls movements of the neck? spinal accessory Which of the following is not part of the corticospinal pathway? cerebellar deep white matter Which subtest is directed at proprioceptive sensation? Romberg test What term describes the inability to lift the arm above the level of the shoulder? paresis Which type of reflex is the jaw-jerk reflex that is part of the cranial nerve exam for the vestibulocochlear nerve? stretch reflex Which of the following is a feature of both somatic and visceral senses? involves an axon in the ventral nerve root Which white matter structure carries information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum? middle cerebellar peduncle
Which region of the cerebellum receives proprioceptive input from the spinal cord? vermis Which of the following tests cerebellar function related to gait? station Which of the following is not a cause of cerebellar ataxia? antibiotics Which of the following functions cannot be attributed to the cerebellum? processing visual information Why is a rapid assessment of neurological function important in an emergency situation? Rapid assessment of neurological exam helps in the quicker understanding of the neurological damage, preventing further damage and aspects of recovery. How is the diagnostic category of TIA different from a stroke? The main difference in the diagnostic category of TIA and stoke is the duration of its effect which is transient in TIA and lasts for 24 hours in case of a stroke. A patient's performance of the majority of the mental status exam subtests is in line with the expected norms, but the patient cannot repeat a string of numbers given by the examiner. What is a likely explanation? A stroke due to the inadequate blood supply to the prefrontal cortex is the cause leading to the inability of the patient in repeating the string of numbers given by the examiner during the mental status exam. A patient responds to the question "What is your name?" with a look of incomprehension. Which of the two major language areas is most likely affected and what is the name for that type of aphasia? Wernicke's area is associated with the comprehension of the language and the aphasia is the receptive aphasia. As a person ages, their ability to focus on near objects (accommodation) changes. If a person is already myopic (near-sighted), why would corrective lenses not be necessary to read a book or computer screen? Old age is usually associated with farsightedness and difficulty in viewing closer objects. If an old person is myopic with a clear vison of close objects, he requires no corrective lenses. When a patient flexes their neck, the head tips to the right side. Also, their tongue sticks out slightly to the left when they try to stick it straight out. Where is the damage to the brain stem most likely located? The location of the damage in the brain stem when the tongue of a patient sticks out slightly to the left while trying to stick it straight is on the left side of the brain stem. The location of somatosensation is based on the topographical map of sensory innervation. What does this mean? Precise and accurate location of somatosensation is based on the topographical map of sensory innervation Why are upper motor neuron lesions characterized by "spastic paralysis"? Upper motor neuron lesion is associated with exess contraction combined with paralysis called "spastic paralysis" Learning to ride a bike is a motor function dependent on the cerebellum. Why are the different regions of the cerebellum involved in this complex motor learning? All the three regions of the cerebellum contribute equally in the complex motor learning process. Alcohol intoxication can produce slurred speech. How is this related to cerebellar function? Alcohol intoxication affects the cerebellum which is involved in cognitive functions like speech and language causing slurred speech.
Other sets by this creatorChapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body ( L.…59 terms reeveskristin48 Chapter 22: The Respiratory System150 terms reeveskristin48 Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System164 terms reeveskristin48 Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vesse…259 terms reeveskristin48 What are the 5 steps in the neurological assessment?It should be assessed first in all patients. Mental status testing can be divided into five parts: level of alertness; focal cortical functioning; cognition; mood and affect; and thought content.
What are the 7 areas of documentation of the neurological exam?The neurological exam can be organized into 7 categories: (1) mental status, (2) cranial nerves, (3) motor system, (4) reflexes, (5) sensory system, (6) coordination, and (7) station and gait.
What are the 4 components of a neurological check?There are many aspects of this exam, including an assessment of motor and sensory skills, balance and coordination, mental status (the patient's level of awareness and interaction with the environment), reflexes, and functioning of the nerves.
What are the five major areas of neurological testing?Neurological Examination. The neurological examination is divided into five parts: mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, sensory function, and reflexes. In the mental status exam, you are asked questions designed to assess your level of alertness, orientation, mood, and cognition.
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In what order were the sections of the neurological exam tested in this video and which section seemed to be left out?
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