behaviour and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment. Show Compared to "pop psychology," psychology is? is based on empirical evidence. a pseudoscience covered by a veneer of psychological language. Which of the following best describes the academic field of psychology? It is the study of not just exceptional experiences but also commonplace ones. Real psychology differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives in that it is based on: Empirical findings are those that rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement. Which of the following would give the most accurate view of psychology? reading a newspaper article on the causes of bullying, which describes some of the current research evidence Which of the following helps explain why so many people go to psychics? Belief in psychic abilities gives people a sense of control and predictability. The ability to make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion or anecdote is called: Critical thinking involves using evidence to make objective judgments. Critical thinking requires: creativity for creating alternative explanations. Critical thinking gives importance to: looking for flaws in claims and arguments. Which of the following is one of the critical-thinking guidelines described in the textbook? Which of the following is one of the eight essential critical-thinking guidelines? Critical thinkers try to: identify unspoken assumptions. Beliefs that are taken for granted are called Critical thinkers analyze their assumptions and those of others. Which of the following statements best demonstrates this skill? "My boss won't let me work from home, but her decision is based on the belief that employees are more productive at the office." "I really want to believe that my vague recollection of an incident that occurred at Disneyland as a preschooler is true, but that doesn't mean that it is true." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? Avoid emotional reasoning. Which of the following would be an example of "argument by anecdote"? "I know that marriage doesn't work out because both of my uncles ended up divorced and alone." Critical thinkers should approach psychology textbooks as: an opportunity to generate alternative explanations. "My memory of getting knocked down by a wave at Newport Beach could be based on what my parents told me later, not on my own recollection." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? Consider other interpretations. Randy meets a Californian who grows his own vegetables and refuses to eat nonorganic food. Randy concludes that Californians are overzealous about nutrition. This type of error illustrates the importance of which critical thinking guideline? "I may never know for sure whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? In their research studies, contemporary psychologists rely heavily upon: In contrast to modern psychologists, ancient scholars explored human nature primarily through: insights inferred from anecdotes. Unlike modern psychologists, great thinkers of the past: relied primarily on observations based on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases. A difference between the great thinkers of history and today's psychologists is that: modern psychologists rely heavily on empirical evidence. A manuscript on human nature is discovered and scientists confirm that it is the work of an ancient scholar. In this manuscript, human nature is most likely explored through: insights inferred from anecdotes The formal discipline of psychology, as we know it today, began: _______________ had inferred that the brain is the ultimate source of all pleasures and sorrows long before it was verified, and he is now known as the father of modern medicine. The forerunners of psychology developed the theory of phrenology, which in Greek means: is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one's head to personality traits. Andie claims that phrenology is a pseudoscience and not a true science. Which of the following statements supports her claim? When phrenologists found large "stealing" bumps on the head of a person who was not a thief, they concluded that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check. Which of the following was a classic pseudoscientific theory that related bumps on the head to personality traits and did not disappear until well into the twentieth century? Sam, a business-owner, sought the help of a friend to find out which employees were likely to be loyal and honest if hired. The friend examined the bumps on the heads of all applicants and gave Sam a list of the employees he should hire. Sam's friend is a _______________. _______________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879. The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in The first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science was _______________ is revered by psychologists because he was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science. Wilhelm Wundt is known for _______________ is revered by psychologists because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal. _______________ is revered by psychologists because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal. Researchers in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory studied: Your textbook discusses a famous laboratory set up in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. The goal of this laboratory was the study of: The research method used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions is called _______________. The goal of trained introspection, a research method in psychology popularized by Wilhelm Wundt, was to: break down behaviours into their most basic elements. _______________ is a research method popularized by Wilhelm Wundt in which trained volunteers take as long as 20 minutes to report their inner experiences during a 1.5-second experiment. Most psychologists eventually rejected the method of trained introspection in psychological research as being too: In America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, E. B. Titchener, who gave Wundt's approach the name: In America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, _______________, who gave Wundt's approach the name "structuralism." Which of the following approaches was popular during the early days of modern psychology? the structuralist perspective Which school of thought in psychology used the method of trained introspection in research studies? Which school of thought in psychology hoped to analyze sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements? A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange. Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of? A person is asked to look at an apple and then describe the various elements that make up her perception (e.g., colour, shape, size, etc.). Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of? _______________ involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind. Reliance on introspection got structuralists into trouble because: despite their training, introspectors often produced conflicting reports. _______________ emphasized the purpose of behaviour as opposed to its analysis and description. Who of the following was a famous functionalist? The founder of functionalism was: Several middle-school girls watch their classmates, Jon and Jason, engage in a rough-and-tumble wrestling match. The attention of the girls seems to intensify the boys' play. A psychologist trained in the functionalist school would wonder: What is the purpose of rough-and-tumble play in the adaptive changes of early adolescence? _______________ had the opinion that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing. _______________ argued that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing. Which of the following questions is a structuralist most likely to ask? What happens when an organism sleeps? _______________ wanted to know how specific behaviours and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment, so they looked for the underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviours and processes. Which of the following schools of psychological thought was influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin? Which school of thought in psychology tried to explain how specific behaviours and mental processes help a person adapt to the environment? _______________ first broadened the field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences, and the "stream of consciousness." _______________ set the course of psychological science by emphasizing the causes and consequences of behaviour. _______________ founded the field of psychoanalysis. Which school of thought in psychology emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind? The _______________ was the forerunner of modern cognitive therapies and made efforts to correct the false ideas that were said to make people anxious, depressed, and unhappy. _______________ concluded that his patients' distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that had occurred in their early childhood and that were too threatening to be remembered consciously. Which of the following statements is true about Sigmund Freud? Sigmund Freud's concepts had a profound influence on the philosophy, literature, and art of the twentieth century. The ideas of _______________ formed the basis for psychoanalysis, an important school of psychological thought. Which of the following is a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing unconscious motives and conflicts? a theory of personality which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. Which school of thought in psychology evolved into an elaborate theory of personality that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts? The _______________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bodily events and their effects on behaviour, feelings, and thoughts? the biological perspective Which of the following modern psychological perspectives most resembles functionalism? the evolutionary perspective A(n) __________ psychologist studies how genetically-influenced behaviour that was functional or adaptive during our species' past may be reflected in the present behaviours, mental processes, and traits of modern humans. Tom is a psychologist investigating the contributions of genes in the development of abilities and personality traits in human beings. Tom is most likely a _______________. Older adults with low levels of the chemical acetylcholine in their brains may develop memory loss. Which of the following psychological perspectives does this best relate to? The _______________ perspective of psychology focuses on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviours. Which modern psychological perspective is behaviourism a part of? Dr. Mannisto is a behaviourist who is studying the causes of excessive violence among some hockey players. She is likely to consider whether: players who engage in excessive violence are rewarded in some way. With which of the following psychological perspectives is the term "behaviourist" most closely associated? Professor King approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes the rewards and punishments that maintain certain specific behaviours. He does not invoke the mind to explain behaviour, but sticks to what he can observe and measure directly. It is most likely that he accepts which of the following psychological approaches? _______________ combine elements of behaviourism with research on thoughts, values, expectations, and intentions and believe that people learn not only by adapting their behaviour to the environment, but also by observing and imitating others. Social-cognitive learning theorists Which of the following modern psychological perspectives has strongly encouraged precision and objectivity in psychology by focusing on observable and measurable events? The _______________ is a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behaviour. Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason, remember, understand language, and solve problems? the cognitive perspective One of the most important contributions of the _______________ perspective of psychology has been to show how people's thoughts and explanations affect their actions, feelings, and choices. A _______________ might study what goes on in the mind of an infant or study different types of intelligence. A psychologist who embraces the cognitive perspective would be most interested in: Observing violent role models can influence some children to behave aggressively themselves. Which of the following psychological perspectives is this an example of? social-cognitive perspective _______________ focus on how groups affect attitudes and behaviour, why people obey authority, and how each of us is affected by other people—spouses, lovers, friends, bosses, parents, and strangers. Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how our behaviour is influenced by the other people in our environment and the communities we belong to? Dr. Lyons studies the impact of societal norms and values on human decision-making behaviour. It is most likely that she endorses which of the following psychological approaches? _______________ psychology spurred the growth of research on topics that had long been ignored in psychology, including motherhood, rape, domestic violence, gender roles, and sexist attitudes. _______________ is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behaviour of the two sexes. The feminist movement in psychology was important because it: critically examined the male bias in psychological research and theories. Which of the following is true about the professional activities of psychologists? Some psychologists serve as consultants to governments or businesses. One reason why people in the general public are often confused about what psychologists do is that: there is a wide variety of psychology specialties and roles psychologists can play in the community. _______________ is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application. _______________ is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance. A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that: basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research is done to solve practical problems. According to your textbook, _______________ is the aspect of psychology that is least recognized and understood by the public. _______________ psychologists conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition. Jacob studies how people change and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially. He is a(n) _______________ psychologist. ) _______________ psychologists are concerned with group decision making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity, job stress, and many such organizational issues. Industrial/organizational _______________ psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality. In Canada, which of the following professionals must have a doctoral degree in psychology? A(n) _______________ is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders and takes a more biological approach than other psychotherapists. Dr. Braun has been treating a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braun is a: A psychiatrist is a therapist: who is more likely than other types of therapists to take a biological approach to treatment. Which of the following is true about psychologists' roles in the general community? All types of psychologists contribute to their communities by helping to solve problems and answer important questions. There is a growing trend among psychologists to have interests and beliefs that: include aspects of two or more traditional approaches. Jasper is researching the origins of the Canadian Psychological Association. He discovered that the association was formed to: ensure that psychology could help allies during World War II. Yukiko calls herself a psychologist and provides therapy in Manitoba. What educational requirements must Yukiko have? She will need to have a doctoral degree in psychology. Ye calls himself a psychological associate and provides therapy in British Columbia. What is the HIGHEST level of education that Ye would have? Ye would have a master’s degree in psychology. Sukhdeep knows he wants to do research in psychology, but can’t decide which discipline to focus on or which courses to take. His friend suggests he take lots of psychology courses as well as courses in ________, which will prepare him for cutting-edge research in just about any sub-discipline. Dr. Collette is teaching introductory psychology and just stated that, “Psychodynamics is the thumb on the hand of psychology.” What does she mean? She means that while psychodynamics is connected to psychology, it differs radically in its approach. Dr. Mahdi is a cognitive psychologist who studies test taking. Dr. Mahdi has just completed an experiment confirming findings reported in your text indicating that one approach to learning text material is superior to just reading. What approach is Dr. Mahdi researching? What modern psychological perspectives most resembles functionalism?80) Which of the following modern psychological perspectives most resembles functionalism? Correct: The evolutionary perspective, like functionalism, emphasizes the purpose of behaviour.
Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how our behavior is influenced by?The Cognitive Perspective
This approach focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one's behavior. The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of memory, perception and attention, language, decision-making and problem-solving. This approach often compares the human mind to that of a computer.
Which modern psychological perspective is behaviorism a part of?Answer and Explanation: Behaviorism, in it's modern form radical behaviorism, makes up the Behavioral Perspective in psychology. It believes that behavior should be the unit of analysis and that behaviors are controlled by the environment, not hypothetical, internal constructs like the ego or the unconscious.
Who among the following was a famous functionalist?Functionalists, including psychologists William James and James Rowland Angell, and philosophers George H. Mead, Archibald L. Moore, and John Dewey, stressed the importance of empirical, rational thought over an experimental, trial-and-error philosophy.
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Compared to the others, which modern psychological specialty most resembles functionalism?
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