Chambliss called the observing of how legal authorities actually discharge their duties the study of

Positivists try to explain the ____ of deviant acts through ____ experiences.

According to Merton, the cultural ___ of success is freely available to all ppl regardless of social class.

A-ST: The cause of lower-class deviant activities is the societal condition marked by the inconsistency bw society's overemphasis on the _____ _____ and it's underemphasis on the use of _______ ___ for achieving that goal.

success goal. legitimate means.

involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means of working toward that goal. Most popular response.

What is the most popular form of response to societal pressure toward deviance?

Innovation- merton What social class is it common in?

ppl who reject the use of legal means in favor of illegal ones in their attempts to achieve the high success goal that they have accepted. common among lower class ppl.

Ritualism- Merton What social class is it common among?

ppl who lower their aspirations or abandon high success goals so that they can more easily realize their aspirations, but abide by institutional norms as LOYAL WORKERS. Tend to be proud of their hard work & shrug off modest incomes. Common among middle/lower class ppl.

a withdrawal from society into the shell of one's self. Does not care about the success, or the work. Psychotics, tramps, drug addicts.

the rejecting of social expectations that we work hard in the rat race to reach the goal of success. Attempts to overthrow the existing system & puts in place a new one with new goals & new means of reaching those goals. WORLDLY GOAL.

What is the cause of deviance according to Merton? 

goal-means gap----> deviance

What is the cause of deviance according the Cohen?

goal means gap--->status frustration---> deviance

Status Frustration. Who? Example?

Cohen. Lower-Class school boys experience status frustration at school.

When a lower class boy experiences status frustration they go back to their own neighborhood & set up their own competitive system which is called a ______ ______

Both Merton & Cohen assume that _____ class ppl are more likely than others to engage in deviant activities bc society ___ to help them fulfill the aspirations that it has induced in these ppl.

Cloward and Ohlin extended the goal means gap theory by extending the concept of _________ __________ __________.

Differential illegitimate opportunity

For the poor and powerless, ______ is acts considered by the _____ to be a violation of some social rule.

The ________ perspective is associated with the physical sciences. Believes deviance is intrinsically (absolutely) real.

The ________ perspective is associated with arts and philosophy.

• The ____________ ____ is to protect and expand people’s human worth and freedom, which requires sociologists to undertake the difficult task of interpreting the world as it appears to the deviant.

Subjectivism says that _________ as a subjective experience assumes that the deviant person is a feeling, thinking, and reflective subject who has worth and dignity.

The ________ perspective is more relevant to ______ deviance like murder and rape, because they can be clearly defined as deviant.

The _________ views are more pertinent to less serious deviance because there is less consensus about this type of deviance.

acts which the public widely agrees are really deviant appear intrinsically real, while acts lacking a public consensus make the label more important.

Positivists study ______-consensus deviance which the public wide agrees are really deviance appear intrinsically real.

Constructionists study _______-consensus deviance, these acts lack a public consensus and make the label more important.

__________ is defined as any behavior considered deviant by public consensus (minimum to maximum)

Deviance is an act located between _____ _______ and ____ _____

total conformity and total deviance

In the positivist perspective ______ behavior is the belief that deviance is caused by the environment.

_______ researchers believe their research should be subject to public test or examination by other sociologists.

Positivist perspective on deviance consists of what three basic assumptions?

1.    Deviance is absolutely real (deviance has qualities to set it apart from the conventional

2.  Deviance is an observable object (a deviant person or act of deviance can be observed and studied objectively)

3.  Deviance is determined (by social forces beyond the individual)\

What are the 3 assumptions of the Constructionist Perspective on deviance?

1. deviance is a label (relativism) 2. a subjective experience (subjectivism) 3. a voluntary act (voluntarism)

________ try to explain the causes of horrible deviant acts through past social experiences.

Today's positivist sociologists now recognize the importance of _____ _____ for understanding deviance behavior.

________ ________ developed ______ theory as a result of the breakdown of social norms resulting from urging people to be ambitious, without providing the opportunities to succeed.

Robert K. Merton. Strain Theory

Strain theory examines how _____ causes deviance.

Merton disagrees with the ____________ theory of deviance proposes that man has a basic natural primal desire from birth to engage in socially dangerous behavior.

______ says that the structure of society and the behaviors it encourages, actually encourages deviant behavior.

_______ first used the term anomie to refer to a social environment without norms/normlessness.

______ says that anomie is the absence of norms and this lack of normative control led to deviance.

Merton pointed out that the lower classes have ____ _______; therefore many lower-class ppl are trapped & resort to illegitimate means of achieving success.

By encouraging high aspirations and denying avenues for success, society pressures person to ______ _______/

Merton said people could respond to these socially created pressure in 5 ways:

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

Cohen proposed the theory of ____ ________ which emphasizes that difficulty of lower-class youth in achieving status in legitimate ways.

Merton- _______. Cohen _______ solve problems of frustration through the social psychological mechanism of status replacement in the gang.

individual. cohen- non utilitarian types of deviance and how GROUPS not individuals...

What are the 3 types of differential illegitimate opportunity-distinctive subcultures of deviance proposed by Cloward and Ohlin?

1. the criminal subculture. 2. conflict subculture 3. the retreats subculture

The ______ perspective says that any person, regardless of class, tends to engage in deviance if they experience a significant gap between aspirations and opportunities. 

The _________ theories of deviance are less interested in the causes and concentrate on the ______ of deviance and how ppl behave in keep with them.

Constructionist. meanings.

_______ theory is a version of

In the Labeling Theory of deviance theorists use two central ideas: Deviance involves ________ b/w deviant and conventional ppl. AND this is governed by the _______ that they impute to each other's actions and reactions.

According to constructionist theories Labeling theory- the _____ of deviance are not important only the labels are important. 

Labeling Theory: For behavior to be deviant, those identifying it as such are just as important to the existence of deviance as the ___ considered deviant itself.

Labeling Theory: The meaning of deviance is therefore not what it may be, but ___ ___ _____ __ __.

how we respond to it. deviance. non deviance.

According the the ________ theory, responses determine deviance.

Positivists ask "What ____ behavior?" Constructionists ask "What effect or ________ occur as a result of the deviant label being applied?"

Deviance labels produce ______ consequences for those receiving the label bc they have a tendency to see themselves as deviant which lead to _______ deviant behavior.

Tannenbaum discusses the process of becoming a criminal, 2 _____ of deviant acts which become controlling in most if not all future behavior.

Kids engage in behavior they label as normal, but caregivers label that behavior as nuisance, deviant or delinquent. In doing so they "_______ the ___" via the attention they give to it.

The ____ or _____ act of dramatization process- the actor considers harmless and otherwise normal(_____ act of deviance that occurs before a deviance label is applied or accepted) such as being obnoxious, childlike.

1st, primary act. initial. 

The ___ or ____ acts of the dramatization process entails that the actor has accepted the deviant label and is thus living up to it (continued deviance that results from deviance labels being applied and internalized by the social actor)

• According to labeling theorist, labeling a person as deviant creates ____________ consequences for the community, group, or individuals that apply the label.

According to Labeling theorists, the most important positive consequence to labeling are?

preservation and strengthening of social cohesion and social order.

The person _____ does a great service  service to the community by assisting in teaching those in society what is acceptable and what is not

3 main criticisms of labeling theory: 1. It doesn't explain the ____ of initial deviance. 2. No research supports that the deviant _____ encourages or leads to further deviance. 3. It ____ to account for deviance by the powerful ppl who do so without ever being so labeled as deviant.

___________ theory delve's into people subjectivity, including consciousness, perceptions, attitudes, feelings, and opinions about deviance.

_______________ Theory assumes that all people, either labelers or labeled are highly subjective; each person has a varying or sliding scale of what deviant based on a myriad of factors that are unique to them-ethnocentric   

Sociologist who adopt phenomenological theory stand in contrast to __________ thinkers and their view of deviance because ___________ see deviance as objective and real unto itself

To the positivists, deviance is based on their own preconceived notions of morality and understanding of deviance; they ________ how deviants think and feel about their own experience

(Positivists or Constructionists) feel that the true phenomenon of deviance, and their own conception of deviance are the exact same.

___________ say: people are passive objects whose behavior is determined by forces beyond their control. _____________ say: people are active subjects capable of intending and carrying out their own behavior

positivists. phenomenologists

_______ say: objective view, based on abstract meanings. ____________ say: study situated meanings and the subject's interpretation of their own behavior

positivists. phenomenological.

_________  analyze how their subjects think and feel about themselves.

To understand deviance, Phenomenologists use ___________ as a way to understand the meanings of people they study.

According to _____ theory, sociologists point out that modern society is pluralistic, diverse, and full of conflicts.

_____ conflict :  incompatible interests, needs, and desires of diverse groups either business, political, racial, religious etc

_____ conflict: discrepant norms and values regarding right and wrong such as cultural differences that lead are only acceptable in one culture.

Both ____ & ____ conflict lead to crime.

Today’s ______ sociologists are less interested in the causes of deviance and more interested in how one becomes defined as criminal

William Chambliss found that ______ of the ___ lies in the difference between two kinds of law: Law on the Books & Law in Action.

What is the ideal of the law, formal rules that are assumed o represent the public interest? & that which is codified and agreed to by the majority as what should be enforced...

What is

the reality of the law. how legal authorities actually discharge their duty, which often is unfair and unjust. this is what is actually enforced based on a myriad of factors

____________ rejected this view and said that the discrepancy was not due to an evil individual character of those in charge, but was the result of historical and organizational influences

•According to Chambliss,

such as the police, prosecutors, and judges become the tools of the rich and powerful in society who tend

.

law enforcers; upper class

What says it is the nature of any organization to

to perform tasks that will

and

for the organization?

OrganizationalImperative says it is the nature of any organization to ____ its members to perform tasks that will ______ reward and ______ trouble for the organization.

compel; maximize reward; minimize trouble

This operational imperative is to win favor with the ______ , who want the arrest and prosecution of powerless people like drunks, vagrants, and robbers and not the arrest of middle and upper-class citizens who commit white-collar crimes.

Due to the resulting _______, Chambliss called for political action against the powerful class who inevitably criminalizes the powerless

According to the Social Reality Theory, Richard Quinney blames unjust law directly on the _______ _______

Richard Quinney argued that the social reality of crime involved the dominant class who... (4) 1.______ as criminal some behavior that threatens its interest (criminal law is written to favor the powerful), 2._____ the law to protect and further its interests, 3. ______ unfavorable life conditions that create and compels actions defined as criminal, and 4._______ an ______ of crime based on the criminal acts of the lower class.

defines;applies; creates; constructs an ideology

Quinney and others have tried to turn his Social Reality theory into a call for ______ _____ against the powerful class that inevitably criminalizes the powerless

According to Marxist Theory, the cause of deviance can be traced to the exploitative nature of _______.

Conflict theorists are becoming interested in the causes of deviant behavior and have turned to _______ ideas for explanations.

___________, to lower costs of production, create a marginal surplus population, who are not needed in the economy and must turn to property crime to survive

Another type of conflict theory is _________ theory, which argues that theories of deviance are all about men and not women

___________ also focus on women as offenders and victims of crime which reflects their subordinate role in society

_______ theory emphasizes how power inequality affects the quality of people ’ s lives and the deviant activities in which they might engage.

In the _____ theory, _____ determines the type of deviance people are likely to carry out and influences the success of a deviant act.

Power is an important cause of deviance because the powerful have 1) 2) 3)

•(1) a stronger deviant motivation, based on the experience of relative deprivation; (2) a greater deviant opportunity, based on their ability to defraud on a large scale; and (3) weaker social controls, based on the powerful’s greater influence in making and enforcing the law.

The Power Theory: the ________ are more likely to get involved in profitable deviance than the powerless who engage primarily in less profitable deviance.

_______ theory emphasizes how poer and resulting inequality (disparity) affects deviance.

__________ theory emerged in France in the early twentieth century to question the basic values of modernism and has become a new theoretical perspective in sociology and criminology

____________ theory criticizes the positivist search for objective truth and deconstructs or analyzes phenomena to understand their component parts in the same way that phenomenologists try to reduce subjective experiences.

Postmodernist Theory's effort requires eliminating preconceptions in order to maximize _________ to the subject’s experience.

Postmodernists have also studied __________ _________ or linguistic conflict that exists in social interaction   

One example of ________ _______ is between the government and rebellious citizens: the government calls political dissidents traitors while the so-called deviants refer to themselves as freedom fighters

________ theory can explain ideological and political confrontations but not common-law crimes and vices

The Conflict Theory is _____ in assuming that a utopian social society would be free of deviant behavior.

The idea of _____ helps explain the formation and enforcement of the norms themselves. Also, the connection between __________ and crime is complex and not as simple as the Marxist theory makes it out to be

According to _____-____ Theory: Any person, regardless of class, tends to engage in deviance if they experience a significant gap between aspirations and opportunities.

According to ______ _______ theory, deviant behavior is learned through one’s interaction with others

Differential Identification was proposed by _____ _____

Daniel Glaser argues that an individual must ______ with criminals and thus experience _______ ________ before engaging in criminal behavior.

identify with criminals, differential identification.

Burgess and Akers emphasized differential _________ as a method of social learning that helps explain the learning process leading to criminality.

Differential Reinforcement 

__________ ___________ Theory  says people will continue to engage in criminal behavior if they are rewarded for doing so and have been exposed to deviant ideas more than to anti-deviant ideas

Differential Reinforcement

Differential Association was proposed by :

________ _________ theory seems more applicable to criminals and delinquents who commit crime in groups rather than alone, but it does not precisely define what is differential in real-life situations.

________ ____________ theory cannot account scientifically for group criminality because sociologists cannot decide whether a criminal tradition or high crime rates come first. Some research supports Sutherland’s overall ideas and the process of ___________ __________.

Social Learning Theory; differential identification

__________ _________ theory cannot explain why an individual deviant act occurs in the first place, before the experience of reward or punishment, but it does help explain why someone continues in deviant acts.

Differential ReinforcementTheory

______ Theory explores why people conform, not why they deviate, and accepts the Freudian idea that deviance can naturally occur from our inborn animal impulses if social controls are absent.

Control theory explores the _____ verses ______ motivations why people conform and not deviate from the expected norm or the current path.

Theorist _____ _____ argues that a strong bond to society ensures conformity, while weak bonds lead to deviant acts

Travis Hirshi (control theory)

Hirshi's ______ theory says: bonds are created by attachment to conventional people, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, and a belief in the moral validity of social rules

Hirshi's control theory says if the elements that form a _____ _____ bond are weak, an individual is likely to slide into deviance.

______ believes that the most important aspect is weak social control, where improper socialization leads to impulsive and insensitive behavior

Hirshi says _____ bonds to society ensure conformity while ____ bonds lead to deviant acts.

Braithwaite proposed ________ as a form of social control. _______ is an expression of disapproval designed to invoke remorse in the wrongdoer

____________ shaming

occurs when the deviant is stigmatized and rejected by conventional society. Seems to encourage further deviance.

Disintegrative,seems to encourage further deviance

____________ shaming

is more positive; makes wrongdoers feel guilty while showing understanding, forgiveness, and respect; and works well in communitarian societie

Reintegrative, seems to discourage deviance

The __________ _________ emphasizes the role of formal social control in deterring deviance

The Deterrence Doctrine assumes that humans are ______ and will continue to commit crime unless the cost, through legal punishment, is severe

According to the ______ _____ severity, certainty, and swiftness all can influence the rate of crime.

According to the Deterrence Doctrine, punishment ____ crime, while lack of punishment ________ it. 

_______ deterrence is intended to deter the public from committing crimes, while ________ deterrence is intended to deter that specific individual criminals from committing more crime.

______________(P/C) argue that sociologists

about whether a certain person should be treated as a criminal

_______________ (C/P) also argue and that we need to study

a given act is defined as deviant by one group and not another.

_______________ (C/P) also point out that there is a

in deviant behavior that shapes how an act is interpreted and how the public reacts to it

______________ (C/P) believe that in order to understand the deviant, we should learn to appreciate and empathize with them.

(C/P) Seeks to analyze how social control agencies define some people as deviant and carry out sanctions against them

A weakness of the _____________ perspective is it's failure to discover bio/psych traits that distinguish criminals from non-criminals.

What Marxists call marginal surplus population refers to quizlet?

Which of the following theories examines the subjectivity of people including their attitudes feelings and opinions about deviance?

What is the labeling theory of deviance?

What do Phenomenologists mean by the term deviant reality?