CHAPTER 12 ADOLESCENCE1 Show 1 The self, identity and religious/spiritual development LO 12.1 Discuss self, identity and religious/spiritual development in adolescence. Self-esteemSome researchers have found that self-esteem declines in early adolescence for both boys and girls, but the drop for girls is greater. Other researchers caution that these declines are often exaggerated and actually are small. Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality. Thus, high self-esteem may be justified or it might reflect an arrogant, grandiose view of one’s self that is not warranted. Controversy characterises whether today’s adolescents and emerging adults are more narcissistic than their counterparts in earlier generations. IdentityIdentity development is complex and is done in bits and pieces. Erikson argues that identity versus identity confusion is the fifth stage of the human life span, which individuals experience during adolescence. A psychosocial moratorium during adolescence allows the personality and role experimentation that are important aspects of identity development. James Marcia proposed four identity statuses—identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium and achievement—that are based on crisis (exploration) and commitment. Increasingly, experts argue the main changes in identity occur in emerging adulthood rather than adolescence. Individuals often follow moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement (MAMA) cycles in their lives. Throughout the world, ethnic minority groups have struggled to maintain their identities while blending into the majority culture. Religious and spiritual development Many adolescents show an interest in religious and spiritual development. As part of their search for identity, many adolescents and emerging adults begin to grapple with more complex aspects of religion. Various aspects of religion are linked with positive outcomes in adolescent development. In middle and late childhood, development of self-understanding and understanding others becomes more sophisticated, emotional understanding improves and moral reasoning advances. In Erikson’s view, children now are in the industry versus inferiority stage with their industry reflected in an interest in building things and figuring out how things work. Children now spend more time with peers, but parents continue to play important roles in their development, especially in guiding their academic achievement and managing their opportunities. Peer status and friendship become more important in children’s peer relations and school takes on a stronger academic focus. self-esteem is the overall way we evaluate ourselves. narcissism A self-centred and self-concerned approach towards others. What is identity? Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces, including these: •the career and work path the person wants to follow (vocational/career identity) •how a person votes and whether they are conservative or left-leaning in their politics (political identity) •the person’s spiritual beliefs (religious identity) •whether the person is single, partnered, divorced and so on (relationship identity) •the extent to which the person is motivated to achieve and is intellectual (achievement, intellectual identity) •whether the person is heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual (sexual identity) •which part of the world or country a person is from and how intensely the person identifies What happens when identity formation takes place?Identity formation, also called identity development or identity construction, is a complex process in which humans develop a clear and unique view of themselves and of their identity. Self-concept, personality development, and values are all closely related to identity formation.
What are the key areas of identity formation in adolescence?Two main aspects of identity development are self-concept and self-esteem.
At what age is identity formed?The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.
What category of James Marcia's identity development occurs when an adolescent has not experienced an identity crisis but has made some commitment?Identity-Foreclosure status is the status for those who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options. The individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity based on the choices or values of others.
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A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at:
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