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Terms in this set (50)
A correlational study:
examines how strongly two variables are related to one another
A placebo is:
a fake treatment or substance with no known effects
Which of the following was the first "school" of thought or approach in psychology?
structuralism
Ethical standards for animal research in psychology:
are set by the American Psychological Association and by state and federal laws
The _________ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system and genetics.
biological
In critically evaluating a media report about a psychological finding or study, you should:
look for the elements of good research design, including operational definitions of the variables and the use of control groups
In psychological research, the practice effect refers to:
a change in performance of a task that is the result of performing the task more than once
Which of the following is a key advantage or naturalistic observation?
researchers can study behavior that could not ethically be manipulated in an experiment
A perfect positive correlation
would mean that every time Factor A occurred, Factor B also occurred
Humanistic psychology emphasized
free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential
The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called:
the experimental method
In an experiment, the dependent variable is:
affected by changes in the independent variable
Psychology is formally defined as:
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should study the laws of learning and outwardly observable behavior form the basis of which perspective in contemporary psychology?
behavioral
A _________ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a(n) _________ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings.
hypothesis; theory
The founder of psychoanalysis was:
Austrian physician Sigmund Freud
A hypothesis is:
a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables
Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?
structuralism
The evolutionary perspective in psychology:
analyzes behavior in terms of its adaptive function, such as how it increases a species' chances to survive and reproduce
A pseudoscience is a:
fake or false science that is based on little or no scientific evidence
The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:
participants must be completely informed about the purpose and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time
In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:
deliberately manipulated by the researcher
Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable?
experimental method
Psychologists use statistics to:
analyze the data collected and determine if the results support the hypothesis
Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to:
use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures
A theory:
integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic
The experimental group is the group of:
subjects exposed to the independent variable
Structuralism:
was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental "structures" of sensations and feelings
In cross-cultural psychology, the term culture refers to:
the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another
In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:
observe and describe behavior
The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:
the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems, and think
Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:
mental processes
Sigmund Freud
delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Massachusetts in the early 1900s
The word replicate refers to:
repeating a study using the same research methods but different research participants
Random assignment refers to a procedure that:
assures that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions
A case study is a(n):
in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources
Critical thinkers engage in reflective thinking. This means that they:
expect and accept complexity
Psychologists assume that:
behavior and mental processes have a cause or causes
The basic goal of the experimental method is to:
demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable
The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to:
guard against the possibility that the researcher will treat subjects differently or communicate the behavior that is expected of the subjects
The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to:
serve as a baseline to which changes in the experimental group can be compared
When psychologists report the findings of a study in a scientific journal, it's important that they include a description of all the following, EXCEPT:
how the journal reviewers responded to the findings
Limitations of the experimental method include which of the following?
it may not be ethical or possible to experimentally investigate some issues
The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called the:
variables
The primary goal of naturalistic observation is to:
detect natural behavior patterns
In a double-blind study:
both the subjects and the researcher who interacts with them are unaware of which subjects have been exposed to the independent variable
Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?
given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history
Which of the following is an important advantage of surveys?
researchers are able to gather information from a very large group of people
It was _________ who opened the first psychology laboratory in _________.
Wilhelm Wundt; 1879
The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of behavior of different animal species is called:
comparative psychology
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