- A subculture shares some characteristics, usually a set of ideas and practices or a demographic similarity, that sets it apart from the larger society. Examples are: corporate culture, adolescent culture, drug culture.
- Microcultures also share some distinguishing characteristics, but tend to be more closely linked to the larger society and often take mediating roles. Examples are: the family, the school, or the workplace.
- Members of ethnic groups share some common heritage and history, and often a language; loyalty to an ethnic group can be very powerful. Examples are: Irish American, African American, Native American, or Lebanese American.
- Members of minority groups occupy a subordinate position in society, and are often separated by disapproval or discrimination. Examples are: racial minorities, women, people with disabilities, or language minorities.
- People of color is a term that refers to those who are nonwhite; it is sometimes preferred, because it does not carry the stigma of a minority group.
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- Social Science
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Chapters 1-5
Terms in this set (79)
Cross-Cultural Psych
The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes of various cultures, including both their variability(differences in behaviors & ethnic/cultural particulars) and invariance(commonalities in all cultures).
Culture
Set of attitudes, behaviors, values, beliefs, norms (implicit and explicit) and symbols shared be a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next
Race
A group of people distinguished by certain similar genetically transmitted physical characteristics
Nationality
A group of people who share common geographical origin, history and at times language, and are unified as a political entity- an independent state recognized by other countries
Ethnicity
cultural heritage, the experience shared by you and t=other people who have at times a common ancestral origin, language, traditions, and often religion and geographic territory- Combo of race and culture
Ethnicity is a combination of __________ and ____________
Race and Culture
Emics
Culture specific concepts; they apply in one particular culture
Etics
Non-culture specific concepts, even universals; they apple to many more than one culture
"Saving face"
•face saving involves being able to protect one's public persona.
"Losing face"
loss of face involves being publicly revealed for negative behavior
Eugenics
A movement that maintains that only "good genes" should be passed from generation to generation, undesirable groups should be kept from reproducing
Which of the following is NOT one of the six ways culture is used in everyday language?
Prescriptive
Traditional gender roles and machismo are examples of _________ culture.
normative
Psychologists who study culture say that culture refers to all of the following EXCEPT:
an individual's personal thoughts and beliefs regarding likes and dislikes.
What example was given in the textbook to illustrate differing worldviews
The O.J. Simpson trial
___________ is determined by both physical and cultural characteristics.
ethnicity
From a biological perspective, race is determined by:
phenotype, or the shared noticeable physical characteristics of a group
Multiculturalism emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT
the imposition of one's values and beliefs on others.
One of the major premises of multicultural psychology is that:
all behavior is learned and occurs in a cultural context
"We know that when we are stressed, our immune system is weakened, and we are more likely to get sick." This quotation illustrates which level of the Biopsychosocial model?
Biological
What is the final level of the Biopsychosocial model?
Cultural
The field of multicultural psychology evolved primarily out of _______________.
clinical and counseling psychology
__________ is a movement that believes that only "good genes" should be passed from generation to generation and that "undesirable" groups should be prevented from reproducing.
Eugenics
The work of many of the first African American psychologists focused on:
Refuting beliefs about black mental inferiority
Which term refers to the tendency for people to use their culture as the standard for evaluating other cultures?
Ethnocentrism
In the 1960s and 1970s minority groups responded to psychology's lack of interest in their concerns by:
forming their own special-interest organizations.
All of the following events mark the rise of multiculturalism in psychology EXCEPT:
publication of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
quasi-experimental design
involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions
Cross sectional study
participants are compared at a similar point in time
Longitudinal Study
Participants are compared over time across ages
Sequential study
Combines studies across ages and times
When White liberals suggested that many ethnic minority children grew up in "culturally deprived environments," they were implicitly:
a. suggesting that the White middle-class environment was the standard for all.
b. comparing some ethnic minority groups with other ethnic minority groups.
c.
equating ethnic minority children with cultural deprivation.
d. helping these children to overcome their culturally deprived backgrounds.
a. suggesting that the White middle-class environment was the standard for all.
"External validity" suggests that;
a. we can generalize our findings to broader populations.
b. our changes in the experiment made a difference.
c. changes in the experiment may have
been influenced by events out of our control.
d. external reviewers examined our results.
a. we can generalize our findings to broader populations.
A researcher designs a study so that everything is exactly the same except for the difference in dosage in a medication between two groups. This researcher is primarily concerned with;
a. internal validity.
b. external validity.
c. the control
group.
d. the experimental group.
a. internal validity.
Yolanda has her research participants rate how much they like two new soft drinks. Their ratings are on a scale from 1 to 10. She finds that most people rated an orange drink higher than a strawberry drink. Yolanda is using ________ data to come to conclusions about the drinks.
a. quantitative
b. qualitative
c. nominal
d. normal
a. Quantitative
The quantitative approach to research where numbers are compared to get at the "truth" underlying different phenomena is called the
a. comparison approach to research.
b. evaluative approach to research.
c. judgment approach.
d. logical positivistic approach.
d. logical positivistic approach
When we seek to
find terms or phrases whose meanings are culturally equivalent between two cultures, we are seeking
a. functional equivalence.
b. conceptual equivalence.
c. linguistic equivalence.
d. metric equivalence.
b. conceptual equivalence
Qualitative research design use which of the following techniques?
a. Interview
b. Survey
c. Experimental group and control group
d. Longitudinal
a. Interview
Which is a reason why some researchers opt to use qualitative research design?
a. Surveys measuring the process the researcher is interested in are widely available
b. Using quantitative methods can result in a loss of some important information such as the role of the context
c. It is easy to quantify the process
d. The researcher wants to use a non-experimental design
b. Using quantitative methods can result in a loss of some important information such as the role of the context
What kinds of measures do standardized intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children use as part of the overall IQ score?
a. cultural knowledge
b. visual acuity
c. high-pitch detection
d. sensory measures
a. cultural knowledge
Herrnstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve seemed to take a racist stance in examining IQ test scores. However, the text criticizes their book because they
a. failed to suggest solutions to differences in IQ scores.
b. contended that smart people generally do better in life than less smart people.
c. did not take into account the dwindling service-oriented jobs in this country.
d. take our measures of
intelligence as unquestioned.
d. take our measures of intelligence as unquestioned.
Logical Positivism is a scientific approach that attempts to measure real phenomena through models of numbers and statistical analysis.
a. True
b. False
True
According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, all of the following are types
of intelligence EXCEPT:
a. analytic
b. practical
c. memorization
d. creative
c. memorization
According to Gardner's theory of intelligence, if Mariko were a superior athlete, she would excel in ________ intelligence.
a. spatial
b. interpersonal
c. bodily-kinesthetic
d. naturalist
c. bodily-kinesthetic
One
problem with measuring personality characteristics of groups of people (e.g., men, women, ethnic minority groups, etc.) is that we may form stereotypes of these people. The problem with this kind of stereotype is that
a. we may not appreciate the rich variation within the groups.
b. we may prove that previous stereotypes do not apply to the groups.
c. it is conducted only on a sample of people from the groups.
d. the study may not be well controlled.
a. we may not appreciate the rich variation within the groups.
A teacher uses a test of verbal fluency to determine who will lead a group of children. While the test may be accurate for children who speak English as a first language, it may not be accurate for children who speak English as a second language. The application of this test is a
a. problem of treatment.
b. problem of identification.
c. bias of the user of the test.
d. bias in
the usage of the test.
d. bias in the usage of the test.
Etic Perspective
•an attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures.
Emic Perspective
•an attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture.
Imposed Etics
the imposition of one culture's worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal
Well-Meaning Clashes
cultural differences in interpretation that are not meant to harm others but that cause problems because there are different emic interpretations of situations or concepts.
Individualism
•a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of a group or collective in which the individual is a member.
Collectivism
a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group's or collective's preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual.
Idiocentrism
•individualistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrismrefers to an individual.
Allocentrism
•collectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Collectivism refers to the society, whereas allocentrismrefers to an individual.
Countercultural individuals
idiocentric individuals residing in a collectivistic culture, or allocentric individuals residing in an individualistic culture.
Guilt
•a prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of personal regret for having engaged in a negative behavior.
Shame
a prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly upon his or her family and/or upbringing.
Face giving/Giving face
extolling the virtues of another person in public. It would be considered boastful and individualistic if the individual did this himself/herself.
Locus of Control
•the focus of control over outcomes of one's life, be it internal or external control.
Locus of responsibility
the focus of responsibility for one's position in life, be it internal feelings of responsibility or external, societal responsibility
Internal locus of control
belief that one has control over their own life
external locus of control
no control over ones own life
Internal locus of responsibility
outcome of life is based on ones own attributes/actions
external locus of responsibility
everything is the fault of society
Imposing our own cultural values on other cultures and deeming theirs as bad is a sign of:
a. etic
b. emic
c. imposed etic
d. imposed emic
c. imposed etic
Which of the following countries is not high on
individualism as described by your textbook?
a. Australia
b. Canada
c. USA
d. Japan
d. Japan
When confronted with a choice between one's own desires and the needs of the larger group, someone from an individualistic society will
a. be motivated by one's own preferences and needs.
b. be motivated by the preferences and needs of the group.
c. tend to be motivated by variables other than
oneself and one's group.
d. tend to act in unpredictable ways.
a. be motivated by one's own preferences and needs.
According to Triandis (1995), an individual who acts according to the needs of the group is
a. individualistic.
b. collectivistic.
c. idiocentric.
d. allocentric.
d. allocentric.
Tina is an
idiocentric individual in a collectivistic society. Tina is most likely to
a. cooperate with her peers even though this may hurt her individually.
b. compete with her peers in order to protect her own interests.
c. cooperate with her peers whether or not it helps the group.
d. compete with her peers if forced to do so by group pressure.
b. compete with her peers in order to protect her own interests.
Which
of the following represents a countercultural individual, according to Triandis?
a. an allocentric individual in a collectivistic society.
b. an idiocentric individual in an individualistic society.
c. an allocentric individual in an individualistic society.
d. an idiocentric individual in any type of society.
c. an allocentric individual in an individualistic society.
Hofstede (1980) identified the
masculine-feminine dimension, which Triandis renamed the ________ dimension.
a. up-down
b. left-right
c. angular-circular
d. vertical-horizontal
d. vertical-horizontal
Li-Chiang, in her narrative, talked about how her boyfriend's mother forced her boyfriend to break off their relationship. This is an example of a negative aspect of
a. horizontal individualism.
b. vertical individualism.
c.
horizontal collectivism.
d. vertical collectivism.
d. vertical collectivism.
In individualistic cultures,
a. guilt is a more important negative emotion than is shame.
b. shame is a more important negative emotion than is guilt.
c. guilt and shame are equally important negative emotions.
d. neither guilt nor shame are very important negative emotions.
a. guilt is a more important negative emotion than is shame.
________ results when an individual is publicly revealed for negative behavior.
a. Loss of face
b. Giving face
c. Shame avoidance
d. Guilt avoidance
a. Loss of face
According to Kitayama and Markus' (2000) examination of happiness and subjective well-being, one reason why one gives face in
collectivistic societies is because
a. it is expected that there will be a reciprocal behavior.
b. the good feelings between the two people are owned by each individual.
c. there will be a good feeling about the relationship between the two individuals.
d. one wants to prevent the other from bragging about the award, causing embarrassment.
c. there will be a good feeling about the relationship between the two individuals.
According to the Sue worldview model, someone who is in a racist society but aspire to keep working hard and overcoming the racial barriers has what worldview?
a. IC-IR.
b. EC-IR.
c. EC-ER.
d. IC-ER.
d. IC-ER.
According to Ho's (1987) application of the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model to different cultural groups, it seems that
a. all groups tend to
differ from one another on all dimensions.
b. all groups tend to be similar to one another on all dimensions.
c. the ethnic minority groups seem to be more similar to one another than any group is to the middle-class White American group.
d. the Asian American and middle-class White American groups tended to be more similar to one another and different from the other groups.
c. the ethnic minority groups seem to be more similar to one another than any group is to the middle-class White American group.
According to the Sue worldview model, the "American Dream" is based on
a. IC-IR.
b. EC-IR.
c. EC-ER.
d. IC-ER.
a. IC-IR.
According to the Sue worldview model, the "Marginal man" is based on
a. IC-IR.
b. EC-IR.
c. EC-ER.
d. IC-ER.
b. EC-IR.
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