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Terms in this set (39)
What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational
Sensorimotor Stage
the first stage in Piaget's cognitive development stages. Involves the first two years and has six sub-stages;
Simple Reflexes
first sub-stage of sensorimotor stage. Frist month after birth. Neonates begin to assimilate objects into reflexive responses.
Primary Circulars Reactions
the second sub-stage of sensorimotor stage. From 1 to 4 months. Involves infant repeating actions and focusing on his/her own body. Has little interest in external environment.
Secondary Circulars Reactions
the third sub-stage of sensorimotor stage. Last from 4 to 8 months. Patterns of activity are repeated because of their effect on the environment. The focus shifts to objects to environment.
Coordination of Secondary Schemes
the forth sub-stage of sensorimotor stage. Infants adjust their behavior to attain certain goals. Example: Picking up a blanket to get their toy underneath it. Infants can also imitate gestures and sounds that they use to ignore.
Tertiary Circular Reactions
The purposeful adaptations of established schemes to new situations. Behavior takes on new experiments and learns from trail and error. It is the fifth sub-stage of sensorimotor stage. Last from 12 to 18 months.
Inventions of New Means through Mental Combinations
It is the sixth sub-stage of sensorimotor stage. Last from 18 to 24 months. Serves as a transition between sensorimotor development and the development of symbolic thought
Object Permanence
the recognition that objects or people continue to exist when they are not in view. Aspect of sensorimotor development. Example: Peek-a-boo. 2 month baby thinks you are gone when you cover your face if object permanence is not developed yet.
Deferred imitation
The imitation of an action that occurred in the past. Piaget through that deferred imitation have at 18 month but it really can occur as early as 9 months!
Information processing involves what two abilities?
Memory and imitation
Explain growth of memory
Memory improves dramatically between 2 to 6 months and then again at 12 months.
Carolyn Rovee-Collier study
Visual recognition memory
is the ability to discriminate previously seen objects from new objects.
Prelinguistic
first stage of producing vocals. It refers to the vocalizations made by eh infant before the development of language. Example: babbling and cooing or crying
Cooing
Prelinguistic vowel-like sounds that reflect feelings of pleasure or positive excitement. By 8 months cooling deceases
Babbling
The child's first vocalization that have the sounds of speech. Happens around 6 to 9 months. "ba" and "ga" sounds forms.
Echolalia
At 10 to 12 months infants start to repeat sounds and or syllables.
Intonation
the use of pitches and sounds to try and communicate with parents. Happens at the end of the year.
Receptive Vocabulary
The number of words one understand
Expressive Vocabulary
The number of words one can use in the production of language.
Example: 12-month-old can speak about 13 words and comprehend 84 words.
Referential language style
Use of language primarily as a means for labeling objects
Expressive language style
Use of language primarily as a means for engaging in social interactions. Children that practice this style often use more pronouns. More kids use Expressive then referential style
Overextension
use of one words to refer to things or actions that the child doesn't have words for
Telegraphic Speech
Type of speech in which sentences contain only the essential words
Holophrases
are single words that are used to express complex meanings. Example: "come here, mama"
Syntax
The rules in a language for combining words in order to form sentences
Models
(apart of learning theory) those whose behaviors are imitated by others
Extinction
decrease in frequency of a response due to absence of reinforcement. Babies will decrease the babbling when do not respond to their native babble.
Shaping
Gradual building of complex behaviors thought reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior.
Psycholinguistic Theory
The view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
An inborn tendency to acquire language, which primes the learning of grammar.
Surface Structure
the superficial feature of language, especially vocabulary and grammar.
Deep Structure
The underlying set of rules for transformation ideas into sentences
Aphasia
a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language.
Broca's area
located near the section of the motor cortex that controls the muscles of the tongue and throat
Broca's Aphasia
an aphasia caused by damage to the Broca's area and shown by difficulty in speaking. People with damaged Broca speak laboriously in a pattern
Wernicke's area
lies near the auditory cortex and is connected to Broca's ears by nerves
Wernicke's Aphasia
an aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke's area. People with damage to Wernicke's area can speak freely with proper syntax but have trouble understanding speech and finding words to express themselves.
Sensitive Periods
time span from about 18/24 months to puberty when brain is especially capable of learning language.
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Verified questionsPSYCHOLOGY
Over time, which of the following is typically true of the relationship between passionate love and companionate love? a. Passionate and companionate love both decrease. b. Passionate love increases and companionate love decreases. c. Passionate and companionate love both increase. d. Passionate love decreases and companionate love increases. e. There is no consistent relationship between the levels of passionate love and companionate love.
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QUESTION
Karl was late for his interview because he left the house late and did not use his GPS for directions. If Karl is making use of the self-serving bias, witch of the following statement will he use to explain his lateness? a. "I tough I knew where I was going, but I got lost." b. "I spent to much time trying to find a tie that matches this shirt." c. "My GPS told me to turn the left when I should have turned right." d. "I am usually right in predicting how long it takes me to get places, but today there was more traffic than I anticipated." e. "Sometimes I procrastinate and do not have enough time to get places."
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QUESTION
Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligences in individuals who scored low on intelligence but had an area of exceptional ability-for example, to make complex calculations. These people have a. the Flynn effect. b savant syndrome. c. advanced mental age. d. Wechsler syndrome. e. intelligence hentability.
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PSYCHOLOGY
Match the term with its correct definition. personality A. ideas and images of the accumulated experiences of all human beings B. the consistency between one's self-concept and one's experience C. methods used by the ego to avoid anxiety D. people who tend to be active and self-expressive and gain energy from interacting with others E. people who tend to be imaginative and look inward for ideas and energy F. the patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another G. the use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas H. a view of oneself as an individual I. the process by which people learn socially desirable behaviors J. an aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable
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