Psychology: Principles in Practice
1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus
1,024 solutions
A Concise Introduction to Logic
13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley
1,960 solutions
Myers' Psychology for the AP Course
3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers
955 solutions
Myers' Psychology for AP
2nd EditionDavid G Myers
900 solutions
reseachers have found that in children from 3-6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the -- lobe areas of the brain
temporal
parietal
frontal
occipital
frontal
-- is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells
centration
myelination
tropism
neurogenesis
myelination
when 4 and 5 yr olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their
cognitive skills
fine harboring skills
gross motor skills
reflective skills
gross motor skills
in general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:
do not change an objects basic properties
affect an objects
inherent features
determine the total volume needed for a given task
must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined
do not change an objects basic properties
zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:
a young adults cognitive development achieved through interaction with children
the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development
how the environment and a child's genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period
the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults
the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults
The leading cause of death in young children in the U.S. is:
heart disease
malnutrition
motor vehicle accidents
domestic violence
motor vehicle accidents
which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true?
children are at risk for health probs when they live in homes which a parent smokes
most children and adolescents in the US are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home
children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are no more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking homes
parental smoking is the leading cause for death in young children in the US
children are at risk for health probs when they live in homes which a parent smokes
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this age:
do not yet perform reversible mental actions
cannot yet form stable concepts
are
unable to reason
cannont operate electronic devices like TVs
do not yet perform reversible mental actions
nurturing is a key aspect of the --, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his/her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development
child-centered kingergarten
Montessori approach
developmentally appropriate practice
Reggio Emilia approach
child-centered kingergarten
the theory of -- refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others
self-awareness
recognition
mind
consciousness
mind
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say " You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a -- emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others
social
self-conscious
penitent
sympathetic
self-conscious
-- parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.
emotion-dismissing
emotion-facilitator
emotion-coaching
emotion-encouraging
emotion-coaching
when her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says its because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting
guilt
empathy
correspondence
lack of perspective-taking
empathy
which of the following is the 1st stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?
autonomous morality
initiative vs guilt
heteronomous morality
autonomy vs
shame and doubt
heteronomous morality
when asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated "In my house, my word is the law". Juan is prob a ---.
authoritarian parent
authoritative parent
indulgent parent
neglectful parent
authoritarian parent
in which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior
authoritarian
authoritative
indulgent
neglectful
authoritative
which parenting style lead to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?
authoritarian
authoritative
indulgent
neglectful
indulgent
Research liking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
higher levels of immediate compliance
lower levels of mental health
higher levels of moral internalization
higher levels of aggression
higher levels of moral internalization
about -- of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children
half
three-quarter
one-third
two-third
one-third
Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to reasearch, it it MOST likely that:
Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice
Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.
Bernice will have a homosexual orientation, Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation
both will grow up and marry men, but Bernice is more likely to get divorced
Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.
Which of the following is true about how parents' work affects the development of their children?
the nature of the parents' work is a more important determinant of children's development
children of working mothers are less likely to develop a secure attachment to their parents
children (especially girls) of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping
whether one or both parents work outside the home is critical to childrens development
the nature of the parents' work is a more important determinant of children's development
working-class and low-income families are more likely to practice an -- parenting style.
authoritarian
egalitarian
permissive
indulgent
permissive ignoring
authoritarian
which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals?
symbolic play
role-plays
constructive play
games
games
a recent study found that children with a higher body mass index and waist circumference are at risk for --, a constellation of factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes
ICF syndrome
hyperventilation syndrome
severe acute respiratory syndrome
metabolic syndrome
metabolic syndrome
Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie:
is given great freedom
and few rules
is placed in as regular a classroom as possible
has significant input into developing her educational goals
spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom
is placed in as regular a classroom as possible
-- involves knowing about knowing.
cognition
brainstorming
metacognition
metadata
metacognition
which of the following is a type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
cultural intelligence
practical intelligence
spatial intelligence
verbal intelligence
practical intelligence
many intelligence tests are biased in that they:
test predominantly nonverbal skills
consider the values common to all test
takers
reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others
use only standardized test items familiar to all test takers
reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others
-- is knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language, and allows children to think about their language, understand what words are, and even define them
metacognition
metalinguistic awareness
metapragmatics
morphology
metalinguistic awareness
-- is also called self-worth or self-image
self- control
self-esteem
self-efficacy
self-concept
self-concept?
children have the highest self-esteem when:
they are competent in all tasks that are given to them
they perform competently in domains that are important to them
they are extrinsically rewarded by role models
they are encouraged to avoid probs they face rather than cope with them
they perform competently in domains that are important to them
Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:
it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships
it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups
Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development
it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough on moral behavior
it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships
According to Sandra Bem, which of the following is correct?
androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts
gender-role classification is context-neutral
in close relationships, androgynous orientations are not desirable
androgynous individuals are less flexible than their masculine or feminine counterparts
androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts
Bellah sits in the back of the room, and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Bellah's probable sociometric status?
popular
neglected
rejected
controversial
neglected
-- children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.
rejected
controversial
average
popular
popular
Ayden is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. Many children in his class report actively disliking him. He would be classified as a -- child.
controversial
rejected
neglected
average
rejected
an aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of -- in behavior.
stereotyping
cognitive dissonance
cultural bias
social cognition
cognitive dissonance
which of the following is NOT a function of childhood friendships?
companionship
cultural
regulation
social comparison
intimacy/affection
cultural regulation
which of the following functions of friendships involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals?
physical support
affection and intimacy
social comparison
ego support
ego support
which of the following is NOT an argument against state-mandated tests?
Neglect of students who are gifted in favor of raising the overall achievement of other students
role memorization
teaching to the test
too much focus on developing the student' thinking skills
Neglect of students who are gifted in favor of raising the overall achievement of other students?
a learning difficulty that involves probs with reading and spelling is called:
dysgraphia
dyslexia
distractibility
dyscalculia
dyslexia
-- is the belief that "i can"; helplessness is the belief that "i cannot".
self-esteem
self-awareness
self-concept
self-efficacy
self-efficacy
Cassandra is assertive and nurturant. She could be described as --
feminine
masculine
aggressive
androgynous
androgynous
All of the following are effective ways to improve relationships among ethically diverse students EXCEPT:
reducing bias
being a competent cultural mediator
turning the classroom into a segregated learning experience
encouraging students to have positive interactions with students from diverse ethnic groups
turning the classroom into a segregated learning experience
Behind the first whisker in boys and the widening of hips in girls is a flood of --, powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.
amino acids
phospolipids
enzymes
hormones
hormones
in the 6th grade, early-maturing girls show-- with their figures than do late-maturing girls, but by the 10th grade late-maturing girls are more --.
greater satisfaction, satisfied
less confidence, conflicted
greater preoccupation, preoccupied
more unhappiness, unhappy
greater satisfaction, satisfied
research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have:
high birth weight
down syndrome
childhood illnesses
type 2 diabetes
childhood illnesses
a number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs:
are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy that sex ed
prevent adolescent pregnancies better than sex-ed programs emphasizing contraceptive knowledge
are more effective at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections than sex ed programs
provide useful knowledge about safe sex to sexually active adolescents
are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy that sex ed
Mary Carskadon and her colleagues concluded from their research of the sleep patterns of US adolescents that:
school should start and end earlier to help adolescents to keep to earlier bedtimes
early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents
early school starting times are conducive to the sleep patterns of older adolescents but not to those of younger adolescents.
early school starting times are most conducive to the sleep patterns of adolescents
early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents
since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has:
stayed the same
decreased
doubled
tripled
tripled
which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa?
a relentless pursuit of weight gain through binge eating
a positive image of body shape
an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
a high level of self-efficacy
an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
which of the following is the final stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development:
concrete operational stage
passive operational stage
preconventional reasoning stage
formal operational stage
formal operational stage
according to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:
co-rumination
expression
egocentrism
solipsism
egocentrism
what is Erikson's term that describes a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?
sociological amnesty
societal moratorium
psychosocial moratorium
behavioral reprieve
psychosocial moratorium
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely do what they advise. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as:
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
identity moratorium
identity achievement
dentity foreclosure
Religious adolescents are more likely than nonreligious adolescents to:
be depressed
drink alcohol
engage in community service
engage in prob behaviors
engage in community service
conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:
few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility
while parents want autonomy, adolescents want a connection
parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries, while adolescents want to maintain the status quo
parent want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent
few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility
the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:
parents should take an authoritarian approach to controlling the lives of adolescents
parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
in most families parent-adolescent conflicts is moderate rather than severe
even mirror parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as far as possible
in most families parent-adolescent conflicts is moderate rather than severe
what is the difference between cliques and crowds?
cliques are more personal than crowds
cliques contain more members than crowds
the formation of crowds is based on friendship while cliques are based on reputation
the members of crowds spend a lot of time together while the members of cliques do not
cliques are more personal than crowds
which of the following is the main way that adolescents connect with their friends?
phone calls
instant messaging
email
text messaging
instant messaging
the 4 main probs that affect the most adolescents are drug abuse, sexual probs, school-related probs and--.
career choice dilemmas
juvenile delinquency
peer-related probs
family probs
juvenile delinquency