The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by_____ Show
What is the definition of attitude Attitudes are evaluative statements of what one believes about something or someone The emotional, or feeling component of a person's attitude is called _____.A) complex understanding C) the affective component The belief that "violence is wrong" is an evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the ________ component of an attitude. A) cognitive B) affective C) reflective D) behavioral E) reactive The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, Which of the following is an example of an affective attitude? A) Believing that you did a good job. B) The observation that most dogs have four legs. C) The opinion that it is never acceptable to steal. D) Anger at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing. E) The avoidance of a restaurant where one once received bad service. D Affective attitudes reveal emotion, such as anger According to Festinger, people will seek a(n) ________. A) variable state with variable dissonance B) stable state with maximal dissonance C) unstable state with maximal dissonance D) unstable state with minimal dissonance E) stable state with minimal dissonance E) stable state with minimal dissonance "Dissonance" means ________. Leon Festinger argued that ________ follow(s) ________. A) behavior; job satisfaction B) behavior; attitude C) attitudes; behavior D) attitudes; job satisfaction E) job satisfaction; behavior The attitude-behavior relationship is likely to be much stronger if the attitude ________. A) refers to something that the individual has direct personal experience with B) must be defended against the attitudes of society at large C) is perceived to be of little importance D) is related to organizational structure E) is not regularly discussed and examined A) refers to something that the individual has direct personal experience with Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on What three factors importance of the elements creating it, t the degree of influence we believe we have over it, rewards of dissonance. High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward. High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward. Moderators of Cognitive dissonance 1. Importance of the attitude 2. Correspondence to behavior 3. Its accessibility 4. Social Pressures 5. Direct Experience psychological empowerment Employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is the perceived economic value of remaining with an organization. Affective commitment is an emotional attachment to the organization and a belief in its values Affective commitment is an emotional attachment to the organization and a belief in its values According to the Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured to unstructured situations. A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) collectivism Which of the following cultural dimensions identified by GLOBE does not have an equivalent in Hofstede? A) future orientation B) power distance C) performance orientation D) individualism/collectivism E) gender differentiation C) performance orientation Personality appears to be a result of both hereditary and environmental factors. However, research has tended to support the importance of heredity over the environment Personality appears to be a result of both hereditary and environmental factors. However, research has tended to support the importance of heredity over the environment Which of the following is not one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture? A) power distance B) flexibility versus rigidity C) individualism versus collectivism D) long-term versus short-term orientation E) uncertainty avoidance B) flexibility versus rigidity With reference to John Holland's personality–job fit theory, people belonging to the "investigative" type tend to be ________. A) imaginative, disorderly, and idealistic B) shy, genuine, and persistent C) sociable, friendly, and cooperative D) analytical, curious, and independent E) conforming, efficient, and practical D) analytical, curious, and independent
What type of jobs do Realistic personalities thrive in? Realistic personalities prefer physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination. They thrive in jobs such as mechanics, drill press operators, assembly-line workers, and farmers. What are the six personality types present in John Hollands personality-job fit theory realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic. ) Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach value survey? A) prosperity and economic success B) social recognition C) personal discipline D) health and well-being E) meaning in life Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach value survey? A) ambition B) personal discipline C) goal-orientation D) social recognition E) self-improvement According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior. A) terminal B) critical C) instrumental D) essential E) flexible According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states. A) essential B) instrumental C) critical D) flexible E) terminal Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS). It consists of two sets of values, ________ values and ________ values. A) instrumental; terminal B) critical; instrumental C) flexible; essential D) essential; instrumental E) terminal; flexible A) instrumental; terminal When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. A) intensity B) content C) context D) social acceptance E) social needs Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. A) high self-monitoring B) proactive C) high Mech D) Type A E) narsicissist What term is used to describe the personality of an individual who is aggressively involved in an incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time? A) Type A personality B) high self-monitor C) proactive personality D) narcissistic personality E) high Mach personality Type A's are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly, feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place, strive to think or do two or more things at once, cannot cope with leisure time. Type A's are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly, feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place, strive to think or do two or more things at once, cannot cope with leisure time. Individuals scoring ________ are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. A) low on Machiavellianism B) high on narcissism C) low on agreeableness D) high on self-monitoring E) high on conscientiousness D) high on self-monitoring Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in
different situations. Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct?" A) values B) attitudes C) affects D) customs E) traditions Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS). It consists of What two sets of values? instrumental values and terminal values. What value refers to the desirable end-state? What are the six personality types in John Hollands personality-job fit personality theory? realistic investigative social conventional enterprising Artistic. With reference to John Holland's personality–job fit theory, people belonging to the "investigative" type tend to be ________. A) imaginative, disorderly, and idealistic B) shy, genuine, and persistent C) sociable, friendly, and cooperative D) analytical, curious, and independent E) conforming, efficient, and practical D) analytical, curious, and independent What are Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture? power distance individualism versus collectivism masculinity versus femininity uncertainty avoidance long-term versus short-term orientation What is Power distance? What does a high rating mean? Power distance describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. A high rating on power distance means that large inequalities of power and wealth exist and are tolerated in the culture, as in a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility. According to the Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured to unstructured situations. A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) collectivism What is the main difference between the GLOBE framework and Hofstede's work The main difference between the GLOBE framework and Hofstede's work is that GLOBE added dimensions, such as humane orientation (the degree to which a society rewards individuals for being altruistic, generous, and kind to others) and performance orientation (the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence). T According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "judging" type want What? control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. True or False Generally, agreeableness is associated with higher
levels of career success (especially earnings). FALSE Generally, agreeableness is associated with lower levels of career success (especially earnings). Agreeable individuals tend to be poorer negotiators; they are so concerned with pleasing others that they often don't negotiate as much for themselves as they might. High self-monitoring managers are more likely to occupy central positions in an organization than low self-monitoring managers. High self-monitoring managers are more likely to occupy central positions in an organization than low self-monitoring managers. Values are not flexible and they tend to be relatively stable and enduring. A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years, by parents, teachers, friends, and others. Values are not flexible and they tend to be relatively stable and enduring. A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years, by parents, teachers, friends, and others. You wish to predict job satisfaction for each of your employees. Which of the five facets of personality will probably be of the most interest in this case? A) extroversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) openness to experience According to Holland's Typology individuals belonging to the realistic type are _____? shy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming, and practical What are the four strength factors? Trunk- Strangth using the trunk/abdomen muscles Dynamic- exert force repeatadly and continually Static- exert force against somethign Explosive- force exerted in one motion Extent-as far as possible Dynamic-rapid repeated
Biographical Data ( Biodata ) Experiential and accomplishment differences education level, work history, leadership, group membership • Compliant; sensitive to opinion; yielding; trusting; altruistic Describe conscientiousness • Organized; controlled; deliberate; disciplined; dutiful; focused Describe Emotional stability • Well-adjusted; unworried; calm; confident; content • Outgoing; optimistic; gregarious; vigorous; active; assertive; warm • Dreamer; intellectually curious; open to ideas & values; tolerant; imaginative Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors emotional stability is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. emotional stability is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. a person who scores low on conscientiousness is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. a person who scores low on conscientiousness is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. The big five personality factors are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience. The big five personality factors are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "intuitive" type ________. A) are flexible and spontaneous B) are outgoing, sociable, and assertive C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture" D) want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured E) rely on their personal values and emotions C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture" Knowledge Skills: Abilities: Other characteristics: possession of specific information Ex. traffic laws, accounting practices, market value
mental (cognitive ability-IQ, verbal, math) physical (stamina, explosive strength) A general category for other personal factors such as personality, willingness, interest, and motivation and such tangible factors as licenses, degrees, and years of experience. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "________" type are flexible and spontaneous. A) thinking B) extraverted C) introverted D) feeling E) perceiving According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "________" type are practical and prefer routine and order. A) sensing B) introverted C) feeling D) perceiving E) extraverted According to research, which of the following factors is most likely to influence personality than others? A) education B) heredity C) friends D) moods E) economic background ________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. A) Talent B) Skill C) Knowledge D) Intelligence E) Personality According to Gordon Allport, _______ is defined as "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment." A) cognitive dissonance B) emotional contagion C) personality D) emotional intelligence E) emotional labor Cognitive dissonance explains the linkage between attitudes and behavior. Cognitive dissonance explains the linkage between attitudes and behavior. Typically, researchers have assumed that attitudes have three components: cognition, affect, and behavior Typically, researchers have assumed that attitudes have three components: cognition, affect, and behavior The most important thing a manager can do to raise employee satisfaction is to focus on ________. A) employee pay B) benefits C) work hours D) intrinsic parts of the job E) employee productivity D) intrinsic parts of the job Early studies of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) assumed that it was closely linked with satisfaction. More recent evidence suggests that satisfaction influences OCB, but through perceptions of ________. A) fairness B) consistency C) productivity D) leadership ability E) out marketing ) Which major job-satisfaction facet is most strongly correlated with high levels of overall job satisfaction? A) work flexibility B) pay C) social context of the workplace D) supervision E) transparency C) social context of the workplace Which of the following statements is not a finding from independent studies conducted among workers in the U.S. and other developed countries over the past 30 years? A) Most workers are satisfied with their jobs overall. B) U.S. trends are generally applicable to other developed countries. C) Employees tend to be most satisfied by the work itself. D) Rate of pay is strongly correlated with job satisfaction for almost all workers. E) Employees tend to be least satisfied with pay and promotion opportunities. D) Rate of pay is strongly correlated with job satisfaction for almost all workers. Which of the following is the best method for measuring job satisfaction? A) a single global rating system of 1 to 5 (highly satisfied to highly dissatisfied) B) the summation of satisfaction of various job facets to reveal an overall score C) job satisfaction is too broad of a term and there is no good way to measure it D) the single global rating system and the job facets score are equally accurate E) the length of time an employee stays on the job and is engaged D) the single global rating system and the job facets score are equally accurate put time but no attention into their work ________ is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. A) Psychological empowerment B) Employee engagement C) Perceived organizational support D) Organizational commitment E) Job involvement C) Perceived organizational support Of the following attitudes, the best predictor of turnover is ________. A) pay B) supervision C) organizational commitment D) cognitive dissonance E) affective dissonance C) organizational commitment an obligation to remain with the organization for moral or ethical reasons 29) Which of the following is not considered a major job attitude by OB researchers? A) job satisfaction B) positive personality C) organizational commitment D) employee engagement E) job involvement What are the different classifications in the Myers briggs type indicator? Extraverted(E) Vs. Introverted(I) Sensing(S) vs. Intuitive(N) Thinking(T) vs. Feeling(F) Judging(J) versus Perceiving(P) Extraverted Vs. Introverted Extraverted- outgoing, sociable and assertive Introverted- Quiet and shy Sensing- practical and prefer routine and order Intuitive- rely on unconsious processes and look at the 'BIG PICTURE" Thinking- use reason and logic to handle problems Feeling- rely on their personal values and emotions Judging- want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured Perceiving- flexible and spontaneous Which is not included as a moderating variable of the attitude behavior relationship?Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is e. Importance.
Which of the following is true with regard to moderating variables in attitude relationships *?Answer and Explanation: The correct option is A) Attitudes that our memories can easily access are more likely to predict our behavior.
Which of the following is not an element of attitudes?Answer: Memory component is not the component of attitude.
What is an important moderator of the satisfaction turnover relationship?Job performance moderated the relationship between satisfaction and turnover intentions only in the first-line supervisory and hourly technical groups. Table 3 illustrates the nature of these interactions.
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Which of the following is not a moderating variable of the attitude-behavior relationship?
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