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WGU C224
What does the problem of induction explain about the future? | It might not be similar to the past |
Science can answer many questions in life, except which of the following statements? | What is the meaning of life? |
What kind of logic do confirmatory researchers follow in designing and carrying out studies? | Justification |
If one theory is "simple and succinct" when judged against similar theories, it is considered | Parsimonious |
What source of knowledge asserts that “many truths are knowable independent of observation”? | Rationalism |
Which of the following is not a characteristic of epistemology? | Mysteries of knowledge’s origin |
The phrase “This research study provides findings to support . . .” is reflective of what principle? | Evidence |
When evaluating a particular theory, which question would not be suitable to ask? | Does it provide irrefutable assertions? |
Theories can have many characteristics. Which characteristic is not likely to be one of them? | Indisputable |
Quantitative researchers are tasked with testing hypotheses through the application of what? | Empirical data |
Why is it said that quantitative researchers use a “narrow-angle” lens in studies? | A small number of causal factors are focused on. |
In studying specific phenomena, quantitative researchers attempt to include as much personal bias as possible into the given situation. | False |
A quantitative research report has many components, including all of the following except __________. | Speculation |
When determining a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, what has to be present? | Changes in the independent variable causing changes in the dependent variable. |
A variable that controls the change of relationship between the IV and DV is known as __________. | a moderator variable |
Which of the following information is not provided by a correlation coefficient? | Amount of variables |
Which of the following is a key problem with two-variable cases of nonexperimental research? | Unclear temporal order of the variables |
A primary goal of quantitative research is to test hypotheses, which is accomplished through the employment of which type of data? | Empirical data |
For researchers looking to gather information regarding study participant opinions, which tool would be recommended? | Rating scales |
When quantitative researchers establish the rate of an environmental factor, which process takes place? | Determinism |
Which of the following is not a function of variables in quantitative research? | Discrediting experiments |
Mediating variables are also known as __________. | intervening variables |
Intervening variables are also known as __________. | mediating variables |
What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? | No manipulation of an independent variable |
If a research study results in a correlation of –1.00, what relationship is present between the independent and dependent variables? | Perfect negative correlation |
A correlation coefficient provides valuable information, except for __________. | the amount of variables |
Quantitative research is often noted for using a “narrow-angle” lens on study topics. Which of the following would be an explanation for this? | One or two causal factors are focused on. |
In conducting survey research studies, what tool is often used to collect data on participant attitudes? | Rating scales |
Quantitative researchers focusing on individual phenomena make a concerted effort to incorporate as much personal bias as possible. | False |
Which of the following is not typically a formal section in a quantitative research report? | Speculation |
What is the relationship between variables and constants? | A constant is a single value of the larger variable group. |
Variables serve many functions in quantitative research studies, except for __________. | discrediting experiments |
When determining a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, what has to be present? | Changes in the independent variable causing changes in the dependent variable |
Intervening variables are also known as __________. | mediating variables |
What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? | No manipulation of an independent variable |
In terms of correlation, what does a result of +1.00 represent in the relationship of independent and dependent variables? | Perfect positive correlation |
Why is it said that quantitative researchers use a “narrow-angle” lens in studies? | A small number of causal factors are focused on. |
The process by which environmental factors are isolated in order to determine the rate of a specific process is known as what? | Determinism |
Which of the following is indicative of quantitative research ontology? | Reality is objective. |
A quantitative research report has many components, including all of the following except __________. | speculation |
Which method of research allows qualitative studies' explanations to develop throughout the process? | Bottom-up |
Qualitative researchers try to understand multiple layers of reality in research settings. Which of the following is not an example of one of these layers? | Results from outside studies |
In qualitative research, the researchers can also be known as the__________of data collection. | Instrument |
A specific culture's language differentiates one concept (e.g., snow) into many varied types not recognized in outside populations. This is known as | Linguistic relativity |
In qualitative data collection, which term refers to participants' self-reporting instruments? | Questionnaires |
The theoretical framework of "Grounded Theory" originates from | sociology |
Positivism is a belief that all true knowledge must be based on | Science |
The qualitative analysis strategy focusing on complex interdependencies and system dynamics is | Holistic Perspective |
Qualitative studies can often suffer from which limitation? | Lower credibility with some authorities |
When quantitative and qualitative study parts are performed one after the other, this is considered which of the following? | Sequential |
A study uses qualitative observation methods, followed by quantitative data analysis methods. This is an example of what kind of study conduct? | Sequential |
Mixed research considers human thought and behavior to be partially predictable and have many sources of influence. Which of the following is also a view of behavior held by mixed researchers? | Dynamic |
Which mixed research purpose seeks to “broaden the breadth and range of inquiry” by combining research methods? | Expansion |
Which of the following is an important consideration before making the final decision to design a mixed study? | Make sure the study being planned is feasible. |
If a mixed research study uses a nested sequential sampling design, then which of the following best represents this design? | Quantitative and qualitative data are collected one after the other, but with the quantitative sample being a subset of the qualitative sample. |
Which type of data analysis is best represented by both quantitative and qualitative data being analyzed by quantitative data analysis techniques in the same study? | Monoanalysis |
All of the following are types of mixed data analysis except __________. | monodata-monoanalysis |
Some details of mixed research remaining to be worked out by research methodologists include problems of paradigm mixing, how to interpret conflicting results, and __________. | techniques for qualitatively analyzing quantitative data |
When a researcher can use the strengths of an additional method to overcome the limitations in another method, this is known as __________. | principle of nonoverlapping weaknesses |
An action researcher develops an action research attitude when they consider areas of possible improvement, unique tactics to attempt, and_________? | Potential Consequences |
Action researchers build up an action research attitude when bearing in mind areas of possible enhancement, potential consequences, and ________? . | Unique Tactics |
The phrase “Doing that would mean . . .” is reflective of which phase of Deweyan process of inquiry? | Reasoning out of the bearings of the suggestion |
Which theory states “where we are right now and what we routinely do in our lives tends not to change very much"? | Lewin's force field theory |
Which of Kurt Lewin’s theories held that “where we are right now and what we routinely do in our lives tends not to change very much”? | Force field theory |
Similar to qualitative research, researchers utilizing an action research approach typically focus on_________? | Local Problems |
Action researchers are often interested in testing hypotheses and making generalizations beyond immediate research participants. This is usually accomplished using_______? | Inferential Statistics |
The “who does what, when” chart is created in the__________ phase of the action research cycle. | Plan |
The question “What needs to change in the theory or explanation?” is an example of the_________ phase of the action research cycle. | Reflect |
Issues affecting a large environment—such as an educational college of a major university—are best handled by which scope of action research? | Systemwide |
If an action researcher team is considering study issues occurring in a large-scale environment—such as a lower-income school district—which scope of action research is the most appropriate for their investigation? | Systemwide |
Similar to other research methods, action research has some limitations, including weaker research designs and_________? | Utilizing less rigorous measurement criteria. |
An asset of action research is the dedication of practitioners to________? | Democratic social change. |
An educational issue within a broad topic area is known as the "research __________? | Problem |
What is a main reason for conducting literature reviews in quantitative research? | To gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area |
The primary reason for doing a literature review for a quantitative study is to __________? | gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area |
Which of the following is reflective of literature reviews? | They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article. |
Literature reviews have multiple characteristics, including the tendency to be very focused on a specific research question, and which of the following? | They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article. |
Annotated bibliographies have many traits, including a reference list of article summaries and which of the following? | Being working documents that can be used to help write a literature review |
Quantitative research questions typically come in three forms: causal, predictive, and__________? | Descriptive |
Which characteristic is unique to action research questions when contrasted with quantitative and qualitative methods? | They are more fluid. |
If a research problem contains a hybrid of quantitative and qualitative approaches, this is reflective of_________ research? | Mixed |
Which type of research would not include the statement of a hypothesis? | Qualitative |
__________ is the primary focus of a research problem designed for qualitative studies. | Understanding a group or phenomenon |
In which part of a research proposal should the research topic and its importance be identified? | Introduction |
In the method section of a research proposal, which of the following would be discussed? | The procedures proposed for conducting the study |
Which of the following would typically be described within the methods section of a research proposal? | The procedures proposed for conducting the study |
Which of the following is reflective of the concept of confidentiality? | Protecting research participants’ identities from anyone other than the researcher and their team. |
What approach to ethics posits that ethical issues must be judged on the basis of some universal code? | Deontological approach |
What approach to ethics contends that ethics are arbitrary and relative to an individual situation or context? | Ethical skepticism |
If a track coach measures just the order of finish of people in a 5 km jogging race, __________ scale would be the best choice to use. | ordinal |
Temperatures measured on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale are prime examples of the ____________ measurement scale. | interval |
Which of the following best describes test-retest reliability? | Whether scores on a test taken at one point correlate with scores on the same test at a second testing. |
An assessment is considered homogeneous, if___________? | the test measures a single construct. |
A researcher administers two different tests on a single topic to a group of people in order to determine consistency of the scores. The researcher is trying to assess ___________ reliability. | equivalent forms |
Observation and questionnaires are both examples of _______ methods. | data collection |
Which data collection type can be performed in person or over the telephone? | Interviews |
___________ a data collection method that examines how a cluster of research participants thinks and feels about a topic. | Focus groups are |
Aptitude and diagnostic are examples of what kind of data collection method? | Tests |
Sampling allows researchers to make _________ about a larger population. | generalizations |
Statistics are ____________ characteristics of research samples. | numerical |
Systematic, stratified, and ________ sampling are all varieties of simple random sampling. | cluster |
Experiments are rarely, if ever, based on ___________? | random sampling |
Learning disabilities in children and acts of school violence are both examples of complex__________ that can be examined by educational researchers. | constructs |
The soundness of the methods that researchers use to estimate the degree of the association between independent and dependent variables involves __________ validity. | statistical conclusion |
Which statement is true about external validity in qualitative research? Which statement is true about external validity in qualitative research? | External validity evidence can be obtained by replication in qualitative research, but it is not a focus very often. |
If the inference made from the results of a study is correct, then the study has ________? | research validity |
Internal validity in qualitative research refers to which of the following? | The validity of cause-and-effect conclusions |
If researchers have addressed the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in a mixed research study, then they have attained __________ validity. | sociopolitical |
Validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints is called ________ validity. | inside-outside |
What is the purpose of Phenomenology | Describing individual(s)’ experience of phenomena |
What is the purpose of Ethnography | Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people |
What is the purpose of Narrative Inquiry | Describing people’s lives/stories to add to our understanding |
What is the purpose of Case Study | Addressing research questions through in-depth analysis |
What is the purpose of Grounded Theory | Inductively generating a theory describing a phenomenon |
What is the Disciplinary origin of Phenomenology | Philosophy |
What is the Disciplinary origin of Ethnography | Anthropology |
What is the Disciplinary origin of Narrative Inquiry | Human storytelling & education |
What is the Disciplinary origin a Case Study | Multi-disciplinary |
What is the Disciplinary origin of Grounded Theory | Sociology |
What is the Data collection and Analysis for Ethnography | Extended fieldwork on participant or non-participant observations, interviews; documents analyzed during/after study to gain insider’s perspective on people and interactions. |
What is the Data collection and Analysis for Narrative Inquiry | Multiple conversations with a participant and inquiry into related artifacts and documents are used to gain understanding and retell stories of experience. |
What is the Data collection and Analysis for Case Study | Multiple methods and data sources are used to answer specific questions about one or more cases. |
What is the Data collection and Analysis for Grounded Theory | Continual activity running concurrent to analysis as interview and observational data are distilled (or coded) and compared to build a working theory grounded in collected data. |
What is the Data collection and Analysis for Phenomenology | Interview data are searched for significant statements that capture the essence of participants’ perceptions and experiences. |
What is the Research Report of Phenomenology | Rich narrative allowing readers to vicariously experience the phenomenon through the eyes of the participants. |
What is the Research Report of Ethnography | Extensive description of the physical and social settings aimed at holistic understanding. |
What is the Research Report of Narrative Inquiry | Narrative account including patterns, connections, and insights uncovered and carefully synthesized. |
What is the Research Report of Case Study | Rich, holistic narrative that triangulates data and places the case into a meaningful context. |
What is the Research Report of Grounded Theory | Contains methodological description, then proposes and discusses the grounded theory built during the research study. |
qual/QUAL | Qualitative research |
quan/QUAN | Quantitative research |
CAPITAL letters | Higher priority/weight in study |
lowercase letters | Lower priority/weight in study |
+ (plus) sign | Concurrent data collection |
→ (arrow) sign | Sequential data collection |
Which of the following describes the purpose of a qualitative research?
Qualitative research aims to get a better understanding through first hand experience, truthful reporting, and quotations of actual conversations. It aims to understand how the participants derive meaning from their surroundings, and how their meaning influences their behavior.
Which of the following best describes qualitative?
Which of the following best describes the process of qualitative data analysis? It is an ongoing, inductive, cyclic process integrated into phases of the research process. inductive, Qualitative data analysis starts with small pieces of information from which the researcher inductively reasons general themes.
Which of the following describe a qualitative research?
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Which of the following is the best purpose of research?
The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through the development of scientific theories, concepts and ideas.