“No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.” Show
 The Constitution placed notably few hurdles between ordinary citizens and becoming a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. The founders wanted the House to be the legislative chamber closest to the people—the least restrictive on age, citizenship, and the only federal office at the time subject to frequent popular election. The Constitution requires that Members of the House be at least 25 years old, have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and live in the state they represent (though not necessarily the same district). And Article VI, clause 3 requires that all Members take an oath to support the Constitution before they exercise the duties of their office. In Federalist 52, James Madison of Virginia wrote that, “Under these reasonable limitations, the door of this part of the federal government is open to merit of every description, whether native or adoptive, whether young or old, and without regard to poverty or wealth, or to any particular profession of religious faith.” OriginsThe constitutional qualifications for office originate in British law. Members of the House of Commons had to live in the shires or boroughs they represented, although that was rarely done in practice. The founders used that example to motivate the requirement that Members of the House live in the state they represent. This would increase the likelihood that they would be familiar with the people’s interests there, but there was no mention during the debates about living in the same district. The district system emerged later as states dealt with how to fairly organize their congressional delegations. CitizenshipAt the time the U.S. Constitution was written, the British prevented anyone born outside England or its Empire from serving in the Commons, even if the individual had subsequently become a citizen. By mandating that an individual be a citizen for at least seven years, the founders attempted to strike a balance between preventing foreign interference in domestic politics and keeping the House of Representatives close to the people. The founders also did not want to discourage immigration to the new country by shutting off the government to new arrivals. AgeThe founders initially set 21, the voting age, as the minimum age to serve in the House. During the Federal Constitutional Convention, though, George Mason of Virginia moved to make the age 25. Mason said that there should be a period between being free to manage one’s own affairs and managing the “affairs of a great nation.” Convention Delegate James Wilson of Pennsylvania objected to the suggestion that any further restrictions be placed on House membership, and cited the service of William Pitt as a counterexample. Pitt, who held office at the time of the Convention, was the youngest prime minister in British history at the age of 24. Nevertheless, Mason’s amendment passed seven states to three. The House and Its MembersArticle I, section 5 of the Constitution provides the House with the authority to determine whether Members-elect are qualified to be seated. For instance, William Claiborne of Tennessee became the youngest person to ever serve in the House when he was elected and seated in 1797 at the age of 22. The House also seated Claiborne at the age of 24, when he won re-election. The House, however, has not always been so lenient. Representative John Young Brown of Kentucky was first elected to the House in the 36th Congress (1859–1861) when he was 24, but the House refused to administer the oath of office to him until he was 25—after the first session of the Congress was over. For Further ReadingFarrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Rev. ed. 4 vols. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1937. Madison, James, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay. The Federalist Papers. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. 3 vols. Boston, 1833.
The Texas State Senate is the upper chamber of the Texas State Legislature. Alongside the Texas House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Texas state government and works alongside the governor of Texas to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Texas State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes. The Texas State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Austin, Texas. Texas enacted new state legislative districts on October 25, 2021. After both sets of legislative district maps passed their respective chambers, the House and Senate both approved maps for the other chamber's districts on October 15, 2021. The House approved the Senate map by an 81-60 vote, and the Senate approved the House map by an 18-13 vote.[2] Gov. Abbott signed both maps into law on October 25, 2021.[3]These maps took effect for Texas' 2022 legislative elections. In April 2022, the state of Texas said it will redraw legislative district boundaries before the 2024 elections. In a filing for a motion to stay in League of United Latin American Citizens, et al., v. Abbott, et al., Texas said, “Between now and the 2024 elections, the Texas Legislature will enact legislation regarding state legislative seats as required by article III, section 28 of the Texas Constitution... Specifically, article III, section 28 of the Texas Constitution requires that “[t]he Legislature shall, at its first regular session after the publication of each United States decennial census, apportion the state into senatorial and representative districts, agreeable to the provisions of Sections 25 and 26 of” Article III of the Constitution. In this instance, due to the U.S. Census Bureau’s delays in releasing the necessary data, that first regular session is the 2023 regular session. The State has already acknowledged that while federal law required the State to reapportion sooner than 2023, that does not relieve the State of its obligation to enact redistricting legislation in 2023 as required by its Constitution.”[4] Click here for more information about redistricting after the 2020 census.
This page contains the following information on the Texas State Senate.
Party controlCurrent partisan controlThe table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Texas State Senate as of December 2022:
MembersLeadershipThe lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate. The Senate adopts rules at the beginning of each legislative session which set out how much power the president of the Senate will have.[5] Current leadership and members
SalariesSee also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
Swearing in datesSee also: When state legislators assume office after a general electionTexas legislators assume office in January at the beginning of the legislative session. Membership qualificationsSee also: State legislature candidate requirements by stateTo be eligible to serve in the Texas State Senate, a candidate must be:[6]
Historical party controlBetween 1992 and 2020, partisan control of the Texas State Senate shifted in favor of the Republican Party. As a result of the 1992 elections, Democrats held an 18-13 majority. Republicans flipped the chamber in 1996 and, by 2020, expanded their majority to 18-13. The table below shows the partisan history of the Texas State Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2020. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff. Texas State Senate election results: 1992-2020
The movement from an 18-13 Democratic majority in 1992 to a 18-13 Republican majority in 2020 was gradual. Half of the elections between 1992 and 2018 saw no change to the partisan balance of the state Senate. In years where there was a shift in balance, those shifts were minimal. Republicans made their largest gains—three seats—in the 2002 elections. The only years Democrats made gains were 2008, 2018, and 2020 picking up one seat in each year. Trifecta historyA state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2021, Texas was under the following types of trifecta control:
Texas Party Control: 1992-2022
ElectionsElections by yearTexas state senators serve 2-4-4 terms, where senators serve one two-year term and two four-year terms each decade. Texas holds elections for its legislature in even years. 2024See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2024Elections for the Texas State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. 2022See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2022Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for March 1, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for May 24, 2022. The filing deadline was December 13, 2021. 2020See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2020Elections for the office of Texas State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for March 3, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for July 14, 2020. The filing deadline was December 9, 2019. In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority in the Texas State Senate decreased from 19-12 to 18-13.
2018See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2018Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on March 6, 2018.[7] A primary runoff election took place on May 22, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was December 11, 2017.[8] In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Texas State Senate was reduced from 21-10 to 19-12.
2016See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2016Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 1, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 14, 2015.[9] A total of 16 seats out of the 31 seats in the Texas State Senate were up for election in 2016. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 20-11 majority. No changes occurred to the partisan balance of the chamber.
VacanciesSee also: How vacancies are filled in state legislaturesIf there is a vacancy in the Texas State Legislature, the governor must call a special election to fill the vacant seat.[16] A governor's proclamation to hold a special election must be delivered to local elections authorities representing the vacant seat no later than 36 days before the scheduled election.[17] The secretary of state can declare a candidate duly elected in a special election if there is no opposition.[18] District mapSee also: Texas state legislative districtsThe state of Texas has 31 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator. Use the interactive map below to find your district. RedistrictingSee also: Redistricting in TexasIn Texas, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Texas State Legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[19] If the state legislature is unable to approve a state legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must draw the lines (the backup commission is not involved in congressional redistricting). This backup commission, established in 1948, comprises the following members:[19]
The Texas Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and "that they preserve whole counties when population mandates permit."[19] 2020See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2020 censusTexas enacted new state legislative districts on October 25, 2021. After both sets of legislative district maps passed their respective chambers, the House and Senate both approved maps for the other chamber's districts on October 15, 2021. The House approved the Senate map by an 81-60 vote, and the Senate approved the House map by an 18-13 vote.[20] Gov. Abbott signed both maps into law on October 25, 2021.[21]These maps took effect for Texas' 2022 legislative elections. In April 2022, the state of Texas said it will redraw legislative district boundaries before the 2024 elections. In a filing for a motion to stay in League of United Latin American Citizens, et al., v. Abbott, et al., Texas said, “Between now and the 2024 elections, the Texas Legislature will enact legislation regarding state legislative seats as required by article III, section 28 of the Texas Constitution... Specifically, article III, section 28 of the Texas Constitution requires that “[t]he Legislature shall, at its first regular session after the publication of each United States decennial census, apportion the state into senatorial and representative districts, agreeable to the provisions of Sections 25 and 26 of” Article III of the Constitution. In this instance, due to the U.S. Census Bureau’s delays in releasing the necessary data, that first regular session is the 2023 regular session. The State has already acknowledged that while federal law required the State to reapportion sooner than 2023, that does not relieve the State of its obligation to enact redistricting legislation in 2023 as required by its Constitution.”[22] District map before and after 2020 redistrictingBelow is the state Senate map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.
Texas State Senate Districtsbefore 2020 redistricting cycleClick a district to compare boundaries. Texas State Senate Districtsafter 2020 redistricting cycleClick a district to compare boundaries. 2010See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2010 censusTexas received its local census data on February 17, 2011. The state grew 20.6%, with Hispanics making up at least 2/3 of that growth. The growth rate in the largest cities was as follows: Houston grew by 7.5 percent, San Antonio grew by 16.0 percent, Dallas grew by 0.8 percent, Austin grew by 20.4 percent, and Fort Worth grew by 38.6 percent. Harris County grew by 20%, which suggested suburban growth.[23] The Texas State Senate released a proposed map of its 31 districts on May 11, 2011. The Senate and House plans were passed by the Texas Legislature on May 21, 2011, and were signed by Gov. Rick Perry (R) on June 17, 2011. Attorney General Greg Abbott submitted Texas' redistricting maps to a panel of three federal judges in Washington DC on July 19, 2011, as required under the Voting Rights Act. The DC federal court rejected Texas' senate and house maps on November 8, 2011, denying the state's request for preclearance summary judgment.[24] The Texas House of Representatives approved new district maps during a June 2013 special session. The maps passed the Texas State Senate and were signed into law by Gov. Perry on June 26, 2013.[25][26] SessionsLegislationThe legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Texas State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50. Dates of legislative sessions in Texas by year2023See also: 2023 Texas legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessionsIn 2023, the legislature is scheduled to convene on January 10, 2023, and adjourn on May 29, 2023. 2022See also: Dates of 2022 state legislative sessionsIn 2022, the legislature will not hold a regular session.
About legislative sessions in TexasThe Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[56] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law. Article III of the Texas Constitution establishes when the Texas State Legislature, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 5 of Article III states that the legislature shall meet every two years at times to be established by law. Section 5 goes on to say that the legislature can also be convened by the governor of Texas. Legislative roles and proceduresEvery state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies. Veto overridesState legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Texas are listed below. How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers. Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 100 of the 150 members in the Texas House of Representatives and 21 of the 31 members in the Texas State Senate. Texas is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. Authority: Article 4, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution. "Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the Legislature shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve he shall sign it; but if he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise it shall be reconsidered; and, if approved by two-thirds of the members of that House, it shall become a law; but in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively." Role in state budgetSee also: Texas state budget and financesThe state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[57]
The legislature is constitutionally required to adopt a balanced budget. The governor must sign a balanced budget into law.[57] CommitteesSee also: List of committees in Texas state governmentEvery state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Texas State Senate has 15 standing committees:
Constitutional amendmentsIn every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures. The methods in which the Texas Constitution can be amended: See also: Article 17 of the Texas Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Texas
Certified: The following measures have been certified for the ballot.No measures to list
No measures to list 2022 measures: Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2022 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2022. See also: Texas 2022 ballot measuresCertified: The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list See also
Footnotes
What are the qualifications for being a member of the Texas House of Representatives quizlet?What are the qualifications for being a member of the Texas House of Representatives? must be at least 21 years of age, a citizen of Texas for two years prior to election and a resident of the district from which elected one year prior to election.
Which of the following is not a formal qualification to become a member of the Texas House of Representatives quizlet?Which of the following is NOT a formal qualification to become a member of the Texas House of Representatives? Having lived in Texas for five years prior to being elected.
Which of the following Texans would qualify for a position in the Texas Senate quizlet?Which of the following Texans would qualify for a position in the Texas Senate? In order to run for the Texas Senate, a person must be at least 26 years old, must have lived in Texas for at least five years, must have lived in his or her district for at least one year, and must be a U.S. citizen.
What are the typical characteristics of people elected to the Texas legislature quizlet?Must at least 26 years old to be elected, a resident of Texas for five years preceding the election and a resident of the district for at least one year. What are the characteristics of the Texas legislature? Overwhelmingly white, male, Protestant and wealthy.
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Which of the following are among the formal qualifications for being a member of the texas house?
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