Which describes how this newspaper article contributed to the spanish-american war? (3 points)

Causes

The immediate cause of the Spanish-American War was Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain.

Newspapers in the United States printed sensationalized accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, fueling humanitarian concerns.

There was widespread U.S. sympathy for Cubans as near neighbors fighting to gain their independence.

The mysterious destruction of the U.S. battleship Maine in the Cuban harbor of Havana on February 15, 1898, led to a declaration of war against Spain two months later.

Growing U.S. economic, political, and military power, especially naval power, contrasted with waning Spanish power over its far-flung colonies, made the war a relatively short-lived conflict.

Effects

The war ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. Spain subsequently turned its focus inward and experienced a cultural renaissance and two decades of significant progress in agriculture, industry, transportation, and other areas.

The United States emerged from the war as a world power, with control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

In 1902 the United States withdrew its troops from Cuba, and Cuba became a republic. However, the articles of the Platt Amendment, a rider appended to the U.S. Army appropriations bill of March 1901, were incorporated into the Cuban constitution. It gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba in the interests of a stable government. Cubans generally considered the amendment an infringement of their sovereignty, and most of its provisions were repealed by 1934.

The war made certain that a U.S.-built canal would cut through the Isthmus of Panama. The Panama Canal, linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, was completed in 1914.

The war also contributed to the popular image of Theodore Roosevelt as a war hero and advanced his career. Roosevelt, who resigned as assistant secretary of the navy to serve with the Rough Riders, just a few years later became the 26th president of the United States.

The Treaty of Paris transferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the United States but was not recognized by Filipino leaders. The Philippine-American War ensued. For the next three years (1899–1902) the Filipinos carried on a guerrilla warfare campaign against U.S. rule. By the time fighting ended, some 20,000 Filipino troops and 200,000 civilians were dead. An estimated 4,300 Americans perished, the overwhelming majority as a result of disease.

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The Spanish-American War, while dominating the media, also fueled the United States’ first media wars in the era of yellow journalism. Newspapers at the time screamed outrage, with headlines including, “Who Destroyed the Maine? $50,000 Reward,” “Spanish Treachery” and “Invasion!”

But while many newspapers in the late 19th century shifted to more of a tabloid style, the notion that their headlines played a major part in starting the war is often overblown, according to W. Joseph Campbell, a professor of communication at American University in Washington, D.C.

“No serious historian of the Spanish-American War period embraces the notion that the yellow press of [William Randolph] Hearst and [Joseph] Pulitzer fomented or brought on the war with Spain in 1898,” he says.

“Newspapers, after all, did not create the real policy differences between the United States and Spain over Spain's harsh colonial rule of Cuba.”

A 1898 cartoon of newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst dressed as the Yellow Kid (a popular cartoon character of the day), each pushing against opposite sides of a pillar of wooden blocks that spells WAR. This is a satire of the Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers' role in drumming up U.S. public opinion to go to war with Spain.

Newspapers Shift to Feature Bold Headlines and Illustrations

The media scene at the end of the 19th century was robust and highly competitive. It was also experimental, says Campbell. Most newspapers at the time had been typographically bland, with narrow columns and headlines and few illustrations. Then, starting in 1897, half-tone photographs were incorporated into daily issues.

According to Campbell, yellow journalism, in turn, was a distinct genre that featured bold typography, multicolumn headlines, generous and imaginative illustrations, as well as “a keen taste for self-promotion, and an inclination to take an activist role in news reporting.”

In fact, the term "yellow journalism" was born from a rivalry between the two newspaper giants of the era: Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. Starting in 1895, Pulitzer printed a comic strip featuring a boy in a yellow nightshirt, entitled the “Yellow Kid.” Hearst then poached the cartoon’s creator and ran the strip in his newspaper. A critic at the New York Press, in an effort to shame the newspapers' sensationalistic approach, coined the term "Yellow-Kid Journalism" after the cartoon. The term was then shortened to "Yellow Journalism." 

The so-called "Yellow Kid" was featured in a comic strip first in New York World and then in New York Press. The cartoon was behind the coining of the term, "yellow journalism."

Public Domain

“It was said of Hearst that he wanted New York American readers to look at page one and say, ‘Gee whiz,’ to turn to page two and exclaim, ‘Holy Moses,’ and then at page three, shout ‘God Almighty!’” writes Edwin Diamond in his book, Behind the Times.

That sort of attention-grabbing was evident in the media’s coverage of the Spanish-American War. But while the era’s newspapers may have heightened public calls for U.S. entry into the conflict, there were multiple political factors that led to the war’s outbreak.

“Newspapers did not cause the Cuban rebellion that began in 1895 and was a precursor to the Spanish-American War,” says Campbell. “And there is no evidence that the administration of President William McKinley turned to the yellow press for foreign policy guidance.”

“But this notion lives on because, like most media myths, it makes for a delicious tale, one readily retold,” Campbell says. “It also strips away complexity and offers an easy-to-grasp, if badly misleading, explanation about why the country went to war in 1898.”

The myth also survives, Campbell says, because it purports the power of the news media at its most malignant. “That is, the media at their worst can lead the country into a war it otherwise would not have fought,” he says.

Sinking of U.S.S. Maine Bring Tensions to a Head

According to the U.S. Office of the Historian, tensions had been brewing in the long-held Spanish colony of Cuba off and on for much of the 19th century, intensifying in the 1890s, with many Americans calling on Spain to withdraw.

“Hearst and Pulitzer devoted more and more attention to the Cuban struggle for independence, at times accentuating the harshness of Spanish rule or the nobility of the revolutionaries, and occasionally printing rousing stories that proved to be false,” the office states. “This sort of coverage, complete with bold headlines and creative drawings of events, sold a lot of papers for both publishers.”

Things came to a head in Cuba on February 15, 1898, with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor.

The sinking wreck of the battleship USS Maine, 1898.

Time Life Pictures/Bureau Of Ships/National Archives/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

“Sober observers and an initial report by the colonial government of Cuba concluded that the explosion had occurred on board, but Hearst and Pulitzer, who had for several years been selling papers by fanning anti-Spanish public opinion in the United States, published rumors of plots to sink the ship,” the Office of the Historian reports. “... By early May, the Spanish-American War had begun.”

Despite intense newspaper coverage of the strife, the office agrees that while yellow journalism showed the media could capture attention and influence public reaction, it did not cause the war.

“In spite of Hearst’s often quoted statement—’You furnish the pictures, I’ll provide the war!’—other factors played a greater role in leading to the outbreak of war,” the office states. “The papers did not create anti-Spanish sentiments out of thin air, nor did the publishers fabricate the events to which the U.S. public and politicians reacted so strongly.”

The office further points out that influential figures like Theodore Roosevelt had been leading a drive for U.S. expansion overseas. And that push had been gaining strength since the 1880s.

In the meantime, newspapers’ active voice in the buildup to the war spun forward a shift in the medium.

“Out of yellow journalism’s excess came a fine new model of newspapering,” Geneva Overholser writes in the forward of David Spencer’s book, The Yellow Journalism: The Press and America, “and Pulitzer’s name is now linked with the best work the craft can produce.” 

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