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Terms in this set (61)
When does Congress convene?
Congress convenes, begins a new term, every two years, on January 3 of every odd-numbered year
Why are all members of the house representatives-elect on opening day?
...
Who presides during opening day in the House?
the clerk of the House from the preceding term
Actions of the clerk of the House on opening day
calls chamber to order and checks roll of representative elect
Actions of the Speaker of the House on opening day
take in oat of office , then swears in the rest of the members, as a body
Actions of the Dean of the House on opening day
administers the oath of the Speaker
Actions of other members of the House on opening day
they are sworn in by the speaker of the House, then they elect their clerk, parliamentarian, sergeant at arms, chief administrative officer, and chaplain, then they adopt the rules that will govern its proceedings through the term, last members of the 20 permanent committees of the House are appointed by a floor vote
Why is the election of the Speaker of the House and the other officers of the house only a formality?
Because, the majority party has already decided the matter
What actions take place in the Senate on Opening Day? Why is it so much shorter?
newly elected and reelected members must be sworn in, vacancies in Senate organization and on committees must be filled, short because 2/3 membership is carried over from one term to next, only 1/3 is new and needs to be taken care of
State of the Union Message
speech president gives to Congress but is watched world wide (big event), he lays out the shape of the policies and administration expects to follow and the course the chief executive has charted for the nation, legislative commands, etc.
The Speaker of the House
the more important and powerful presiding officer of Congress, also leader of its majority party, is a member of the body, they are to preside & keep order, applies rules, follows the Vice President in line of succession to the presidency
The President of the Senate
the other presiding officer of Congress, not a member of the body, recognizes members, puts to vote, has others preside
President pro tempore
serves as presider of Senate when VP is absent
party caucus
closed meeting of the members of each party in each house, they deal with party organizational matters like; committee heads, membership, and strategy
floor leader
try to carry out decisions of their parties' cacuses and steer floor action to their parties' benefit
majority leader
the floor leader of the party that holds the majority of seats in each house of Congress (more powerful)
minority leader
the floor leader of the party that holds the minority of seats in each house
whips
the 2 floor leaders in each house are assisted by them, tells leader who they can count on for votes/membership, also take attendence
committee chairmen
members who head the standing committees in each chamber, hold very strategic posts
seniority rule
an unwritten custom, provides that the most important posts in Congress, in both the formal and the party organizations will be held by those party members with the longest records of service
What is are standing committees? How many are in the House, Senate?
Permanent committees, H=20, S=16
Why are standing committees so important?
most bills receive consideration here, members of both houses respect decisions and follow the recommendations they make, fate of most bills decided in the various standing committees
How is membership in the standing committees determined?
elected by a floor vote at the beginning of each term of Congress, majority party holds majority of seats on standing committees
What are subcommittees? How many?
divisions of standing committees that do most of the committees' work, more than 150 subcommittees
House Rules Committee AKA "traffic cop"
before bills can reach the floor, they must also clear the Rules Committee, controls "flow of bill and speed of travel" through house of representatives
select committee
aka special committees, panels set up for some specific purpose and most often, for a limited time, speaker of the house or president appoints the members of these committees
joint committee
compost of members of both houses,
Where do bills originate?
born somewhere in the executive branch, many others are born in the standing committees
which bills must originate in the house?
tax bills
public bills
measures applying to the nation as a whole, ex: a tax measure
private bills
measure that apply to certain persons or places rather than to the entire nation, ex: congress once passed an act to give a sheep rancher $85,000 for his losses resulting from attacks by grizzly bears
joint resolutions
similar to bills, when passed have the force of law, deal w/ unusual or temporary matters, ex: appropriate money for the presidential inauguration ceremonies
concurrent resolutions
deal with matters in which the House and Senate must act jointly, don't have force of law
resolutions
also called "simple resolutions" deal w/ matters concerning either house alone and are taken up only by that body, used for procedure matters
riders
provision not likely to pass on its own, and will pass if attached to important measure
Who decides which committee will get a bill?
The Speaker of the House
How do standing committees act as "sieves"?
sift through all of the many bills referred to them, rejecting most, considering and reporting only those they fidn to be worthy of floor consideration
pigeonholed
happens to most bills introduced in each session of Congress, they are buried; they die in committee, simply put away, never to be acted upon
discharge petition
enables members to force a bill that has remained in committee 30 days onto the floor for consideration, then may be sent to the floor
What generally happens after a bill reaches a committee?
almost always referred to a subcommittee, hold public hearings
5 actions that a committee may take on a bill
1. report the bill favorably w/ a "do pass" reccomendation
2. refuse to report the bill that is, pigeonhole it
3. report the bill in amended form
4. report the bill w/ an unfavorable recommendation
5. report a committee bill, a rewritten measure as a substitute for one or several of the bills referred to it
calenders
5 calendars in the house, determines when the bill will be debated on the floor
What is the role of the Rules Committee in bring a bill to the floor of the House?
grant a rule to allow bill to reach floor no rule --> dead bill, rule can authorize limits on debate
The Committee of the Whole
includes all members of the House, sitting as one large committee, less strict, floor action is faster
quorum
a majority of the full membership, must be present in order for the House to do business
How does the large size of the House affect floor debate?
must limit talk time, < one hour each//must have unanimous consent to exceed time, forces them to make limits
What action can a member of the House take to close the debate?
"move the previous question"
Why may a bill be the subject of many votes on the floor?
on amendments or procedural matters, members must vote on each matter
4 methods for taking floor votes
1. voice votes "ayes" or "noes"
2. if a member thinks the speaker has made an error in judging the voice vote they may demand a standing vote
3. 1/5 of a quorum can demand a teller vote,
4. a roll-call vote, a record vote
Final steps in the House once bill has been approved at second reading
read a third time, by title, and final vote is taken, bill is signed by Speaker of the House
How do the Senate's procedures for getting a bill to the floor differ from the House's?
The Senate's proceedings are less formal, less strict rules, Senate has only one calendar for all bills
Why is the Senate called "the greatest deliberative body in the world"
b/c there is unrestrained debate, you may speak as long as you want
unanimous consent agreement
effective agreement if no one objects
two-speech rule
Senate rule that no senator may speak more than twice on a given question on the same legislative day
What is the purpose of a fillibuster? How can they be stopped
to "talk a bill to death" it delays or prevents Senate action, can be stopped by having long even day and night sessions to wear down the participants
One benefit of fillibusters?
Protect minority right
Why have fillibusters been more common in previous years?
because party control of Senate is tight, or equal
What happens if the House and Senate pass different versions of a bill?
it is sent to a conference committee, they produce compromise bill and it must be accepted by both houses
Conference Committees
a temporary joint committee of the two chambers, sometimes known as the third house of Congress, make major decisions
How a bill becomes a law
1. introduced in House
2. referred to standing committee
3. rules committee, sets conditions for debate on the floor
4. floor action, debate
5. introduced in senate
6. committee action
7. floor action, debate
8. conference committee resolves differences between House and Senate versions of bill
9. Congressional approval by both
Houses, then sent to president
10. president signs or vetoes the bill
Presidents options for when he receives a bill
1. may sign the bill, then becomes law
2. may veto (refuse to sign) (congress can rarely override - would need 2/3 vote)
3. may allow the bill to become a law w/o signing it
4. pocket veto
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