Where is antidiuretic hormone ADH synthesized and where does it act quizlet?

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ANS: B- Posterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary secretes ADH, which also is called vasopressin, and oxytocin.

The anterior pituitary secretes ACTH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), somatotropic hormones (GH, prolactin), and glycoprotein hormone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH, and TSH.

The hypothalamus secretes PRF, which stimulates the secretion of prolactin; PIF (dopamine), which inhibits prolactin secretion; TRH, which affects the release of thyroid hormones; GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates the release of GH; somatostatin, which inhibits the release of GH; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which facilitates release FSH and LH; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which facilitates the release of ACTH and endorphins; and substance P, which inhibits ACTH release and stimulates release of a variety of other hormones.

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What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone

Increased serum calcium levels

[The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the described fashion.]

Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of regulation?
a. Negative feedback
b. Positive feedback
c. Neural
d. Physiologic

Neural

[The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones. The remaining options do not accurately describe the example given.]

How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.

Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.

[Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is the only accurate description of this hormonal function.]

Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a. Thyroxine
c. Follicle-stimulating hormone
b. Aldosterone
d. Insulin

Insulin

[Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. All the remaining options are fat-soluble hormones.]

Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a. Cortisol
b. Oxytocin
c. Epinephrine
d. Growth hormone

Cortisol
[Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound to a carrier or transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble hormones.]

Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a. Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c. Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d. Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry

Free in an unbound, water-soluble form

[Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The other options are not true statements related to the transport of protein hormones.]

When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?
a. Pharmacologic
b. Permissive
c. Synergistic
d. Direct

Direct

[Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the described effect.]

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neural regulation
d. Physiologic regulation

Negative feedback

[Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not accurately identified by any of the other options.]

Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a. Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c. Inside the mitochondria
d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane

Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm

[Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options are not true statements.]

Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

[Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described.]

Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate phospholipase C through a G protein?
a. Angiotensin II
b. Thyroxine
c. Estrogen
d. Testosterone

Angiotensin II

[Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma membrane. None of the other options acts on its target cell via a second messenger.]

The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.

Acts as a second messenger.

[In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger. The other options are not true statements related to the control of calcium within the cells.]

The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a. Posterior
b. Inferior
c. Anterior
d. Superior

Posterior

[Only the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.]

Antidiuretic hormone acts to cause vasoconstriction when:
a. Urine output is less than 20 ml/hr.
b. Serum osmolality is increased.
c. Osmotic and oncotic pressures are increased.
d. Vasopressin is pharmacologically administered.

Vasopressin is pharmacologically administered.

[ADH was originally named vasopressin because, in extremely high doses, it causes vasoconstriction and a resulting increase in arterial blood pressure. However, significant vasoconstriction may only be achieved pharmacologically. Antidiuretic hormone induced vasoconstriction is not a result of the other options.]

What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Anterior pituitary
c. Mammary glands
d. Posterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

[Prolactin-releasing factor targets the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the secretion of prolactin. The other remaining options are incorrect.]

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle

Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells

[Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their permeability. This information helps eliminate the other options.]

Where is oxytocin synthesized?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Paraventricular nuclei
c. Anterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

[ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in hypothalamic neurons but are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary. The other options do not synthesize oxytocin.]

The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via the:
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Infundibular stem
c. Hypophyseal stalk
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels

Portal hypophyseal blood vessels

[Releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones. The releasing hormones do not enter the anterior pituitary gland via any of the other options.]

Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodide
d. Copper

Iodide

[TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by activating intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine necessary for the synthesis of TH. This supports the elimination of the other options.]

Which hormone triggers uterine contractions?
a. Thyroxine
b. Oxytocin
c. Growth hormone
d. Insulin

Oxytocin

[Is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men. The remaining options are not capable of triggering uterine contractions.]

What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium.
b. Decreases serum calcium.
c. Decreases serum magnesium.
d. Increases serum magnesium.

Decreases serum calcium.

[Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia; the other options are incorrect.]

Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Phosphorus

Potassium

[Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium. Insulin does not facilitate the transport of the other electrolytes.]

A person who has experienced physiologic stresses will have increased levels of which hormone?
a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
b. Thyroid hormone
c. Somatostatin
d. Alpha endorphin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

[Stress has been shown to increase adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. The other options are not increased with stress.]

What is the action of calcitonin?
a. Increases metabolism.
b. Decreases metabolism.
c. Increases serum calcium.
d. Decreases serum calcium.

Decreases serum calcium.

[Calcitonin, also called thyrocalcitonin, acts to lower serum calcium levels by inhibiting bone-resorbing osteoclasts, making the other options incorrect.]

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels?
a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
b. Thyroxine (T4)
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
d. Triiodothyronine (T3)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

[The parathyroid glands produce PTH, a regulator of serum calcium; therefore the other options are incorrect.]

Which hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH)?
a. Somatostatin
b. Thyroxine
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Calcitonin

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

[Two hormones from the hypothalamus control GH secretion: (1) GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), which increases GH secretion; and (2) somatostatin, which inhibits it. The other options would not produce the necessary effect.]

Target cells for parathyroid hormone are located in the:
a. Tubules of nephrons
b. Thyroid gland
c. Glomeruli of nephrons
d. Smooth and skeletal muscles

Tubules of nephrons

[Parathyroid hormone acts on its plasma membrane receptor only in the distal and proximal tubules of the kidney's nephron.]

Which compound or hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
a. Cortisol
b. Epinephrine
c. Androgens
d. Aldosterone

Epinephrine

[the catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline) is the only major product secreted.]

The secretion of adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone (ACTH) will result in the increased level of which hormone?
a. Thyroxine
b. Insulin
c. Cortisol.
d. Antidiuretic hormone

Cortisol.

[Psychologic and physiologic stress (e.g., hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyperthermia, exercise) increases ACTH secretion, leading to increased cortisol levels. Only cortisol describes the appropriate feedback loop.]

Which human physiologic system is believed to be an integral factor in unhealthy aging?
a. Cardiac
b. Endocrine
c. Central nervous
d. Urinary

Endocrine

[Because the endocrine system is integral to health, changes in endocrine function have been used as biomarkers for unhealthy aging. The other systems, although contributing to the unhealthy aging, are not as integral.]

What are the effects of aging on pancreatic cells?
a. Pancreatic cells are replaced by fat cells.
b. Increased insulin production is typical.
c. Beta cell production increases.
d. No appreciable change occurs on pancreatic cells.

Pancreatic cells are replaced by fat cells.

[With aging, the pancreatic cells are increasingly replaced with fat tissue. Dysfunction of the pancreas with decreased insulin secretion of the beta cells, insulin receptors, and insulin resistance have all been documented.]

Aldosterone directly increases the reabsorption of:
a. Magnesium
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Water

Sodium

[In the kidney, aldosterone primarily acts on the epithelial cells of the nephron-collecting duct to increase sodium ion reabsorption. This action cannot be said of the other options.]

Which is an expected hormonal change in an older patient?
a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion below normal
b. Triiodothyronine level below normal
c. Cortisol level below normal
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone level above normal

Thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion below normal

[Aging causes overall thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion to diminish but does not bring about the other changes.]

What are actions of glucocorticoids? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose
b. Fat storage
c. Decreased blood glucose
d. Carbohydrate metabolism
e. Liver gluconeogenesis

Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose, Carbohydrate metabolism, Liver gluconeogenesis

[The term glucocorticoid refers to those steroidal hormones that have direct effects on carbohydrate metabolism. These hormones increase blood glucose concentration by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver and by decreasing uptake of glucose into muscle cells, adipose cells, and lymphatic cells. Glucocorticoids are not capable of fat storage.]

Calcitonin

C. Thyroid

Cortisol

D. Adrenal cortex

[The adrenal cortex secretes several steroid hormones, including the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), the mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone), and the adrenal androgens and estrogens.]

Oxytocin

B. Posterior pituitary

[The posterior pituitary secretes two polypeptide hormones: (1) ADH, also called arginine vasopressin, and (2) oxytocin.]

Glycoproteins

A. Anterior pituitary

[The anterior pituitary releases six major stimulatory hormones. They can be grouped into three categories: (1) corticotropin-related hormones (ACTH, B-lipoprotein, melanocyte-stimulating hormone [MSH], and related endorphins), (2) glycoproteins (LH, FSH, and TSH), and (3) somatomammotropins (GH and prolactin).]

Epinephrine

E. Adrenal medulla

[The major products secreted by the adrenal medulla are the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine]

Pineal gland

melatonin

hypothalamus

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)

anterior pituitary gland

adrenocorti- cotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin

posterior pituitary

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin

adrenal cortex

aldosterone (mineralocorticoids), cortisol (glucocorticoids), adrenal androgens

adrenal medulla

epinephrine, norepinephrine

pancreas (islets)

insulin, glucagon, amylin, somatostatin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Body fluid osmolality

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Plasma calcium concentration

Insulin

Blood glucose concentration

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Menstrual cycle regulation

Aldosterone

Extracellular fluid volume and plasma potassium concentration

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by a _____ and to the anterior pituitary by _____.

nerve tract; portal blood vessels

Water-soluble hormones generally have a _____ half-life and circulate in _____ forms.

short; free

Low hormone concentrations usually cause cells to ______ receptors for that hormone, which _____ cellular sensitivity to that hormone.

up-regulate; increases

Water-soluble hormones bind with _____ receptors.

cell membrane

17. Hormone receptors are _____ .

proteins

18. ______ is an example of a somatotropic hormone.

GH

______-soluble hormones alter gene expression when the hormone-receptor complex binds to the promoter region of ______.

Lipid; DNA

Secretion of cortisol increases when ______ binds to receptors on cells in the adrenal ______.

ACTH; cortex

Many of the actions of growth hormone are mediated through the effects of _______, which also are known as ________.

insulin-like growth factors; somatomedins

Catecholamines are released from the adrenal _______.

medulla

Incretins are released from the ______ and act to _______ postprandial blood glucose concentration.

gastrointestinal tract; decrease

The net effect of insulin is to _______ blood glucose concentration and _______ synthesis of protein and fat.

decrease; increase

Cortisol acts to _______ blood glucose concentration, _______ inflammation, and cause _______ other effects.

increase; inhibit; numerous

When a tumor destroys the thyroid gland, what is most likely to happen to the blood levels of hormone C? Of hormone B? Why?

Both will increase because the cells that secrete them no longer receive negative feedback from thyroid hormones.

What is most likely to happen to body weight and tolerance to environmental heat or cold if a tumor destroys the thyroid gland? Why?

Without the normal action of thyroid hormones on target tissue, the metabolic rate will decrease and cells will pro- duce less heat. Therefore, an individual is likely to gain.

The neurohypophysis is the _____ pituitary, and the adenohypophysis is the _______ pituitary.

posterior; anterior

43. Steroid hormones are synthesized from ________.

cholesterol

ADH also is called arginine ________.

vasopressin

In order for a hormone to act on a cell, the cell must have ________ for that hormone.

receptors

46. Hormones that bind to receptors that activate adenylyl cyclase use _________ as a second messenger.

cAMP

Releasing hormones are produced by the ________, and stimulating hormones are produced by the ________.

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

An individual who has an iodine-deficient diet will have difficulty making enough _________ hormones.

thyroid

In the islets of Langerhans, alpha cells produce ________, and beta cells produce insulin and _________.

glucagon; amylin

The term somatopause indicates the decrease of ________ hormone and insulin-like growth ______ that occurs with aging.

growth; factor

A clinical research protocol includes drawing blood to measure insulin levels. "Our research subjects do not like blood draws," says a research assistant. "Can we measure urine insulin instead?"

Urine insulin does not give us information about blood insulin levels because most insulin is destroyed in the body by enzymes and not excreted in the urine.

"This drug information sheet says that sildenafil prolongs the action of cyclic GMP in blood vessel muscles," says Mr. Lehrner. "I asked my doctor, and he said cGMP is a second messenger. What does 'second messenger' mean? Is that an abnormal thing?"

A second messenger, like cGMP, is a substance released into a cell when the first messenger reaches the cell and signals it, but cannot enter the cell. The second messenger travels inside the cell and triggers cellular chemistry to happen, creating the clinical effects of that first messenger. For example, hormones and other signaling molecules that are small proteins cannot enter cells; they signal the cell from outside, which often causes a second messenger to be released. This is a normal process.

Mr. Merryweather has a tumor that damaged his hypothalamus, but not his pituitary gland. Among numerous other hormone problems, he is not secreting enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH). "I do not understand this," says a nurse. "ADH comes from the pituitary and does not have a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. How can his hypothalamic tumor cause his lack of ADH?"

Although ADH is released from the posterior pituitary, it is synthesized in areas of the hypothalamus. Apparently his tumor damaged that portion of the hypothalamus, so he cannot make enough ADH.

"I understand why I need to take this antithyroid drug," says Mr. Henderson, who has newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism. "It stops my thyroid gland from making any more thyroid hormones. But why does it take several weeks to have full effects? Don't we make thyroid hormones every day?"

We do make thyroid hormones every day, but then we store large amounts of those hormones in the thyroid glands. So when your new drug stops your thyroid gland from making new thyroid hormones, you still have a lot of stored thyroid hormones that will be released each day. Only after the stored ones are used up will we see the full drug effect.

Mrs. Hillerman has breast cancer. Her cancer cells secrete uncontrolled amounts of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). She says, "Why are they drawing blood again to measure calcium? Why is mine too low or too high?"

Your blood calcium is too high because your cancer cells make a substance similar to normal parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone normally raises the blood calcium, but a negative feedback system decreases its production when calcium levels start to rise in the blood. The sub- stance your cancer cells make acts like parathyroid hormone and raises blood calcium, but it is not controlled by negative feedback, and your cancer cells are making too much of it.

A student is observing in an endocrine clinic. "Why do these lab slips have a place to request blood levels of carrier proteins for some hormones, such as thyroid, but not for others such as ADH and ACTH?"

Some hormones, such as ADH and ACTH, are water soluble and do not need carrier proteins in the blood. Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones are not water soluble, so they need carrier proteins.

"Please help me make sense of the renin-angiotensin system," says Mr. Phillipi. "If the kidney blood vessels sense low blood flow, they release renin into the blood, but how does that help fix the low blood flow? I want the details!"

Renin acts on a substance called angiotensinogen, which normally circulates in the blood. It converts it to angiotensin I. Then enzymes in the capillaries of the lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone circulates to the kidneys and causes them to put more salt and water back into the blood. That kidney action increases the blood volume and can increase the blood flow in the kidney blood vessels.

up-regulation

Low concentrations of hormones increase the number of receptors for each cell; the sensitivity of target cells to certain hormones is regulated based on the total number of receptors present per cell, more receptors make the cell more sensitive.

down-regulation

High hormone concentrations decrease the number of receptors per cell; this also enables a cell to adjust its sensitivity to the concentrations of the signaling hormone.

Where is antidiuretic hormone ADH produced quizlet?

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the hypothalamus and simply stored in the posterior pituitary gland until needed. Their release is stimulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus.

Which gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone ADH quizlet?

ADH and oxytocin are created in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. also called vasopressin, promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules.

Where is antidiuretic hormone ADH or vasopressin made quizlet?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - site of production? ADH is also called vasopressin. Produced in the hypothalamus (we first studied this structure in the brain lab). Stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis).

Which of the following structures releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone ADH that have been synthesized by hypothalamic neurons?

The posterior lobe houses the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. It stores and releases into the bloodstream two hypothalamic hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The anterior lobe is connected to the hypothalamus by vasculature in the infundibulum and produces and secretes six hormones.