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Terms in this set (23)
Classical conditioning
Is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Ivan pavlov
His subjects were dogs restrained by harness in a chamber. He would present meat powder to a dog and then collect the resulting saliva. In his research progressed, He noticed that dogs accustomed to the procedure would start salivating before the meat powder was presented. They would salivate in response to a clicking sound made by the device that was used to present the meat powder. He then paired the presentation of the meat powder with various stimuli. He used a simple auditory stimulus the presentation of the tone.
Ivan pavolv
He built a broad theory of learning that attempted to explain aspects of emotion, temperament, neuroses, and language.
Classical conditioning
-can also be physiological.
-can also lead to immune suppression.
-Every day fears responses that are less severe than phobias may also be products
-Pleasant emotional
responses
Spontaneous recovery
-Is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Extinction
-The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. When the conditioned stimulus constantly presented alone without the unconditioned stimulus.
Acquisition
-Initial stage of learning something Pavlov theorized condition response depends on stimulus contiguity.
Stimulus generalization
-Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way that are similar to the original stimuli.
Higher order conditioning
-In which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
-is best explains reflexive responding that's largely controlled by stimuli that precede the response.
Operant conditioning
-Is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Classical conditioning
-regulated reflexive, involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning governed voluntary responses.
response
A ________ is strengthened because it is reward seeking.
Shaping operant conditioning
which consists of reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
When a rat is first placed in the Skinner box it may not press the lever at all. In this case an experimenter begins shaping by releasing food pellets whenever the rat moves towards the lever.
Acquisition operant conditioning
-in operant conditioning refers to the initial stage 9; learning new patterns of responding
Extinction operant conditioning
refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer. This means that the experimenter stops delivering food when the rat presses the lever.
Schedule reinforcements
-the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses.
variable internal schedule
-The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable interval elapsed.
Positive reinforcement
-Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus. Good grades, tasty meal, pay checks, scholarships,promotions, nice clothes, nifty cars, attention, and flattery are
negative reinforcement
-occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant stimulus). While the rat is in the Skinner box a moderate electric shock is delivered to the animal through the floor of the box. When the rat presses the level the shock is turned off for a period of time.
Escape learning
-is when an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some Aversive stimulus. If you were to leave a party where you were getting picked on by peers, you would be engaging in an
Instinctive drift
-Occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes.
Reinforcement
-Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.
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