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Terms in this set (47)
Lifespan Development
Development that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span.
Physical Development
development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
Cognitive Development
development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
Personality Development
Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
Social Development
Development, with age, of increasingly sophisticated understandings of other people and of society as a whole, as well as increasingly effective interpersonal skills and more internalized standards for behavior
Cohort
People born at the same time in the same place
How do cohorts influence development?
The effects from cohorts are history-graded, in that, biological and environmental development changes are usually associated with a specific historical event.
(ex. people who lived in NYC during 9/11)
Continuous Change
Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
Discontinuous change
development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages
Critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Sensitive period
A period of time when an individual is more responsive to certain influences from their environment.
Maturation
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information
What are the key issues in the field of development?
1. Nature vs. Nurture -How much of human development is inherited through natural maturation, and how much do environmental influences shape behavior.
2. Critical periods vs. Sensitive Periods - How much of human development can only take place at certain, hard-set, time periods as opposed to learning from later experiences to overcome deficits
3.Continuous change vs. Discontinuous change - Is development steadfast and gradual, or is development separated into distinct steps and stages with each stage bringing about new possible behaviors.
How have developmental researchers resolved issues regarding the different fields of development?
Generally speaking, these issues end in continuum. Fields of development are no longer held as an either/or proposition and most all options in each developmental field are taken into consideration.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Perspective based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
Behavioral Perspective
An perspective to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.
Cognitive Perspective
A psychological perspective that emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world
Humanistic Perspective
Perspective that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
Contextual Perspective
The perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
Evolutionary Perspective
perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
Which theoretical perspectives have guided lifespan development?
The case can be made that each perspective emphasizes different aspects of development , therefore, all of the theoretical perspectives are relevant in the development of a lifespan and perspectives can be drawn upon eclectically
What are the main characteristics of psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives?
Psychodynamic- Behavior through life is motivated by, inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which we have little control
Behavioral- Development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli
Cognitive- Emphasis on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory
Theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Integral in the Psychodynamic perspective
Psychosocial development
Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of other's behavior. Integral in psychodynamic perspective
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which the subject responds a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. Integral in the Behavioral perspective
Operant Conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. Integral in the Behavioral perspective
Behavior Modification
Formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. Used by advocates of the Behavioral perspective
Social-cognitive learning theory
Theory of behavioral perspective that asserts that a significant amount of learning is explained by observing the behavior of another person
Information processing approaches
Approaches that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use , and store information. Aspect of cognitive perspective
Cognitive neuroscience approaches
Approach that examines cognitive development though the lens of brain processes. Aspect of cognitive perspective
Bioecological approach
Approach suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals. Aspect of contextual perspective
Sociocultural theory
Theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. Aspect of contextual perspective
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Theories
Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
What role do theories and hypotheses play in the study of development?
Theories are helpful when trying to create a hypothesis about development, meaning that both are usually essential in completing any developmental research
Naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Case Studies
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Survey research
the measurement of public opinion through the use of sampling and questioning
What sorts of studies are used in correlational research?
1. Naturalistic Observation
2. Case studies
3. Survey research
Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Sample
A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.
What are the characteristics of experimental research?
1. Fundamental to finding answers to various developmental hypothesis
2. Designed to discover causal relationships
3. Change is introduced deliberately in the research
Why is it important to think critically about expert advice?
Just because the advice is in print, or on television does not mean the advice is valid. It is also important to consider credentials, types of evidence provided, and cultural context behind the information in evaluating expert opinion. Skepticism is encouraged.
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