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Critics of Skinner's principles believed the approach dehumanized people by neglecting their personal freedom and seeking to control their actions. Skinner replied that people's actions are already controlled by external consequences, and that reinforcement is more humane than punishment as a means for controlling behavior. At school, teachers can use shaping techniques to guide students' behaviors, and they can use interactive software and websites to provide immediate feedback. (For example, the LearningCurve system available with this text provides such feedback and allows students to direct the pace of their own learning.) In sports, coaches can build players' skills and self-confidence by rewarding small improvements. At work, managers can boost productivity and morale by rewarding well-defined and achievable behaviors. At home, parents can reward desired behaviors but not undesirable ones. We can shape our own behavior by stating a realistic goal, planning how we will achieve it, monitoring the frequency of the desired behavior, reinforcing the desired behavior, and gradually reducing rewards as the behavior becomes habitual.
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- Variable Ratio Schedules
op con
schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response.
very resistant to extinction
The rate of response is relatively slow, but steady
Very minimal pause after reinforcement is given
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Operant and Instrumental Conditioning: Schedules
Terms in this set (24)
Cumulative Response
increasing response to repeated dosage of a drug
the number of responses, in a period of time
Response Rate
In survey research, the actual percentage of questionnaires completed and returned.
whether the response is high (fast) rate or low (slow) rate
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
abbreviated CRF
Intermittent (partial) Reinforcement
occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
In operant conditioning, any pattern of reinforcement that is not continuous. Includes fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval and variable ratio scedules. Produces greater resistance to extinction than a continuous scedule
Ratio Schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs
the ratio of reinforced to non reinforced responses
Interval Schedule
A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement
An intermittent reinforcement schedule in which behavior are reinforced after a certain predictable interval (fixed) or unpredictable interval of time has passed (variable)
Fixed Ratio (FR)
A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement.
reinforcement schedule in which every "Nth" performance of a behavior is reinforced
Variable Ratio
a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied number of responses
reinforcement schedule in which, ON AVERAGE, every "Nth" performance of a behavior is reinforced
Post Reinforcement Pause
absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement
associated primarily with FI and FR schedules
Run Rate
The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has resumed following reinforcement
calculation of rate subtracting pauses in responding
Fixed Interval (FI)
Provides reinforcement for the first response following a fixed amount of time
Variable Interval (VI)
In operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced at the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement.
with the interval varying around a specified average
Fixed Time (FT)
Reinforcement delivered after amount of time with no contingency
reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals
Variable Time (VT)
Reinforcer given after some time varying around a mean.
Fixed Duration (FD)
maintain a behavior for a fixed time to get a reward - stay exercise is good example
reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time
Variable Duration (VD)
maintain a behavior for a changed period of time
Period of duration varies around a mean. Required period of performance varies around some average. Kid playing the piano might end in 30, 40 or 50 mins
DRL: Differential Reinforcement of low Rates
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion.
ex: in a business meeting giving someone your undivided attention only when he waits his turn and speaks clearly and slowly might be just the right reinforcer.
DRH: Differential Reinforcement of High Rates
Restricts reinforcement to a response preceded by high rates of behavior
Ex: This schedule is found in many high volume, high stress work environments, where there are many deadlines to meet and the amount of time allotted to meeting those deadlines is minimal. Such as emergency rooms and advertising agencies
DRO: Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responses
instead of punishment you reinforce other activities. Reinforcing other behaviors or removing the reinforcement when the activity occurs.
ex: if a child can go a certain amount of time without taunting a sibling then the child will be rewarded by being allowed to attend the latest animated film.
DRA: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Responses
A combination of reinforcement and extinction. If the behavior of a person is deemed undesirable, find another behavior to reinforce that will distract the person from the unwanted behavior.
ex: severe scratching then find some other behavior to reinforce that will distract the person from the unwanted behavior like playing a video game.
DRI: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responses
involves reinforcing a behavior that is specifically incompatible with the target behavior.
ex. reinforce rubbing the surface of the skin instead of scratching- rubbing and scratching are incompatible you cannot do both at the same time. as the rate of the rubbing increases the rate of scratching will necessarily decrease.
Ratio Stretch/Strain
- to extend the behavior, getting the maximum amount of rate.
disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too far
Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE)
A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following partial reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement; also often referred to as partial reinforcement extinction effect, or PREE)
Resistance to Extinction
Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
the extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented.
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