A ranked-choice voting system (RCV) is an electoral system in which voters rank candidates by preference on their ballots. If a candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, he or she is declared the winner. If no candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated. First-preference votes cast for the failed candidate are eliminated, lifting the second-preference choices indicated on those ballots. A new tally is conducted to determine whether any candidate has won a majority of the adjusted votes. The process is repeated until a candidate wins an outright majority.[1][2]
See the sections below for additional information on the following topics:
- Background: This section lists the general steps involved in ranked-choice voting (RCV) and details an example of its application.
- Ranked-choice voting in the United States: This section details the usage of ranked-choice voting systems in the United States.
- Support and opposition: This section details the arguments in favor of and opposed to ranked-choice voting.
- State legislation: This section lists state legislation dealing with ranked-choice voting.
- Ballot measures: This section lists statewide and local ballot measures dealing with ranked-choice voting and other electoral system changes.
Note: The term instant-runoff voting is sometimes used as a synonym for ranked-choice voting. In other contexts, the term instant-runoff voting is used to describe a specific form of ranked-choice voting. This article deals largely with this form of ranked-choice voting because it is the dominant form used in the United States. Other variations of ranked-choice voting include single-transferable voting, "Round Robin" (also known as "Condorcet") voting.
Background
Beyond the Headlines: What is ranked-choice voting?View other episodes here. |
How ranked-choice voting works
Broadly speaking, the ranked-choice voting process unfolds as follows for single-winner elections:
- Voters rank the candidates for a given office by preference on their ballots.
- If a candidate wins an outright majority of first-preference votes (i.e., 50 percent plus one), he or she will be declared the winner.
- If, on the other hand, no candidates win an outright majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated.
- All first-preference votes for the failed candidate are eliminated, lifting the second-preference choices indicated on those ballots.
- A new tally is conducted to determine whether any candidate has won an outright majority of the adjusted voters.
- The process is repeated until a candidate wins a majority of votes cast.
Example
Assume that there are four candidates for mayor in a hypothetical city. The table below presents the raw first-preference vote totals for each candidate.
Candidate A | 475 | 46.34% |
Candidate B | 300 | 29.27% |
Candidate C | 175 | 17.07% |
Candidate D | 75 | 7.32% |
In the above scenario, no candidate won an outright majority of first-preference votes. As a result, the candidate (Candidate D) with the smallest number of first-preference votes is eliminated. The ballots that listed candidate D as the first preference are adjusted, raising their second-preference candidates. Assume that, of the 75 first-preference votes for Candidate D, 50 listed Candidate A as their second preference and 25 listed Candidate B. The adjusted vote totals would be as follows:
Candidate A | 525 | 51.22% |
Candidate B | 325 | 31.71% |
Candidate C | 175 | 17.07% |
On the second tally, Candidate A secured 51.22 percent of the vote, thereby winning the election.
Note: The above is a simplified example used for illustrative purposes. Specific procedures vary by jurisdiction and according to the nature of the election (i.e., whether it is a single-winner or multi-winner contest).
Example #2
The term instant-runoff voting is sometimes used as a synonym for ranked-choice voting. In other contexts, the term instant-runoff voting is used to describe ranked-choice voting processes used in single-winner elections. The term single-transferable voting is also sometimes used synonymously with ranked-choice voting. Single-transferable voting can be more narrowly construed to refer to ranked-choice voting processes used in multi-winner elections.[1][3]
The term ballot exhaustion is used to describe situations in which a ballot is no longer countable because all of the candidates marked on the ballot are no longer in the contest. This can occur in ranked-choice voting. In cases where a voter has ranked only candidates that did not make it to the final round of counting, the voter's ballot is said to have been exhausted.[4][5]
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
As of June 2022, two states (Alaska and Maine) had implemented ranked-choice voting federal and/or state-level elections. One state (Hawaii) had adopted but not yet implemented RCV in federal special elections and special elections to fill vacancies on county councils. Another eight states contained jurisdictions that had implemented RCV at the local level. Another four states contained jurisdictions that had adopted but not yet implemented RCV in local elections. See the map and table below for further details.[6]
Alabama | No. |
Alaska | Yes; federal and state elections. |
Arizona | No. |
Arkansas | No. |
California | Yes; Oakland, San Francisco, San Leandro, Berkeley, Albany (adopted for 2022 implementation), Eureka (adopted for 2022 implementation), Palm Desert (adopted for 2022 implementation). |
Colorado | Yes; Telluride, Basalt, Carbondale, Boulder (adopted for 2023 implementation), and Broomfield (adopted for 2023 implementation). |
Connecticut | No. |
Delaware | No. |
Florida | No (SB524, signed into law on April 25, 2022, barred the use of ranked-choice voting in any election; this preempted Sarasota's adoption of ranked-choice voting).[7] |
Georgia | No. |
Hawaii | Yes; legislation enacted in 2022 established ranked-choice voting in federal special elections (provided that these elections do not coincide with a regularly scheduled primary or general election) and any special election to fill a vacancy on a county council. The legislation was set to take effect on January 1, 2023. |
Idaho | No. |
Illinois | No. |
Indiana | No. |
Iowa | No. |
Kansas | No. |
Kentucky | No. |
Louisiana | No. |
Maine | Yes; Federal elections[8] Municipal elections in Portland. |
Maryland | Yes; Takoma Park. |
Massachusetts | Yes; Cambridge, Amherst (adopted but not implemented), Easthampton. |
Michigan | Yes; Eastpointe Adopted but not implemented; Ferndale. |
Minnesota | Yes; Minneapolis, St. Paul, St. Louis Park, Bloomington (adopted for 2021 implementation), and Minnetonka (adopted for 2021 implementation). |
Mississippi | No. |
Missouri | No. |
Montana | No. |
Nebraska | No. |
Nevada | No. |
New Hampshire | No. |
New Jersey | No. |
New Mexico | Yes; Santa Fe and Las Cruces. |
New York | Yes; New York City. |
North Carolina | No. |
North Dakota | No. |
Ohio | No. |
Oklahoma | No. |
Oregon | Adopted but not implemented; Benton County. |
Pennsylvania | No. |
Rhode Island | No. |
South Carolina | No. |
South Dakota | No. |
Tennessee | Adopted but not implemented; Memphis; SB1820 precludes the use of RCV in state-level and local elections. |
Texas | No. |
Utah | Pilot program allowing for municipalities to use ranked-choice voting from 2019 through 2025 (participating cities: Bluffdale, Cottonwood Heights, Draper, Elk Ridge, Genola, Goshen, Heber, Lehi, Magna Township, Midvale, Millcreek, Moab, Newton, Nibley, Payson, River Heights, Riverton, Salt Lake City, Sandy, South Salt Lake, Springville, Vineyard, Woodland Hills). |
Vermont | Adopted but not implemented; Burlington. |
Virginia | Adopted in 2020 allowing cities to opt in to use RCV beginning in 2021. |
Washington | No. |
West Virginia | No. |
Wisconsin | No. |
Wyoming | No. |
Support and opposition
Support
The Committee for Ranked Choice Voting, which supported the 2016 Maine ballot measure that approved the use of RCV in statewide elections, made the following arguments in favor of RCV:[9]
“ | Ranked choice voting ensures that candidates with the most votes and broadest support win, so voters get what they want. Candidates who are opposed by a majority of voters can never win ranked choice voting elections. ... Ranked choice voting levels the playing field for all candidates and encourages candidates to take their case directly to you with a focus on the issues. Candidates are encouraged to seek second choice rankings from voters whose favorite candidate is somebody else. You are less likely to rank as your second choice a candidate who has issued personal attacks against your favorite candidate.[10] | ” |
—Committee for Ranked Choice Voting |
Greg Orman, in a 2016 article for Real Clear Politics, made the following argument in support of RCV:[11]
“ | In a ranked-choice election, the only way to waste your vote is to actually vote against a candidate. As long as the candidate you like least doesn’t reach the 50 percent threshold, they won’t win. So only positive votes matter. ... Ranked-choice voting effectively allows voters to vote their actual preferences instead of having to vote strategically. This would have a meaningful impact on elections and governing. It would empower independent and third party candidates by eliminating the “wasted vote” argument.[10] | ” |
—Greg Orman |
FairVote, an organization that advocates for the adoption of electoral reforms such as ranked-choice voting (RCV), argues that RCV, in combination with other electoral reforms, can foster the development of legislative bodies that better represent the diversity of their constituencies:[12]
“ | All states and all congressional elections currently use winner-take-all rules that elevate district lines over voters. Legislatures elected by winner-take-all are characterized by distortions in partisan representation, entrenchment of incumbents in safe seats, regional polarization, and low representation of women and racial and ethnic minorities. When combined with multi-winner districts electing at least three members, ranked-choice voting helps to make elections fairer and more reflective in every district. This ends the cycle of gerrymandering, and creates competitive elections in which every vote really counts.[10] | ” |
—FairVote |
Opposition
Louis Jacobson, in a 2013 article for Governing, summarized some of the arguments against ranked-choice voting (RCV):[13]
“ | To be sure, the system has also inspired opposition. For starters, it's more complicated for voters to understand, at least until they get used to it. In addition, some say there may be value in having an actual final round of campaigning between two candidates. That way, voters can see the top two finishers directly battling each other for public support. These drawbacks have come into sharpest relief when second-place or even third-place finishers in the first round ended up winning the election.[10] | ” |
—Louis Jacobson |
In a 2016 article for Democracy, Simon Waxman contended that RCV is not necessarily more likely to produce more moderate candidates or more diverse legislative bodies, as some proponents of RCV contend:[14]
“ | There is also little reason to believe that RCV will promote legislative moderation—or new campaign tactics—at the federal level, because it usually produces outcomes similar to what one would expect from a standard plurality system. In the 2013 Australian federal election, 90 percent of constituencies elected the candidate with the most first-preference votes, which suggests that choice ranking had little effect on the outcome.[10] | ” |
—Simon Waxman |
Gordon Weil, a former Maine state agency head and municipal selectman, argued in a 2015 piece for CentralMaine.com that RCV runs counter to the democratic process:[15]
“ | Ranked-choice proponents dislike [other types of] primaries, because fringe candidates can win, producing an unhappy choice in the general election. That sounds like the position of philosopher-kings who really don’t trust democracy and certainly want to see the end of political parties. If there’s something wrong with [other types of] primaries, find a way to get more people to vote. But don’t manipulate their voting. ... If we want decisions guaranteed to be made by a majority, then a runoff is a better idea, because it allows voters to make a clear choice rather than the muddled, computer-run outcome of ranked-choice voting.[10] | ” |
—Gordon Weil |
State legislation
See also: Electoral systems legislation at the state and city levels in the United States, 2019The map below provides the number of ranked-choice voting bills that have been introduced in each state as of October 2022. Hover over a state to see the exact number of bills. A darker shade of red indicates a greater number of relevant bills. In those states shaded in white, relevant bills have not been introduced. For state-specific details, click a state in the map below or select a state from the drop-down menu beneath the map. On doing so, a list of state legislation will display, including information about bill status and links to full text. This information is provided by BillTrack50.com. To return to the map, click "Back" in the upper righthand corner of the legislation list.
The following is a list of recent ranked-choice voting bills that have been introduced in or passed by state legislatures. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.
Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.
Ballot measures
The term ballot measures describes all questions or issues that appear on election ballots for voters to approve or reject. Ballot measures may apply to state and local jurisdictions (including cities, counties, special districts, etc.). Initiatives permit citizens to propose (or initiate) statutes or constitutional amendments via petition. Referenda allow citizens to refer statutes passed by legislatures to the ballot for enactment or repeal by voters. Legislative referrals appear on voters' ballots as a result of actions taken by legislatures; these can include state statutes, constitutional amendments, and bond issues.
The sections below list ballot measures related to electoral systems and campaign laws, including certified measures, potential measures, and measures that did not make the ballot.
Statewide measures
2022
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) pertaining to electoral systems for 2022.
- Oregon Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2022) - Not on the ballot
- Nevada Question 3, Top-Five Ranked Choice Voting Initiative (2022) - On the ballot
- Missouri Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2022) - Not on the ballot
- Oregon Ranked-Choice Voting with Local Option Initiative (2022) - Not on the ballot
- Nevada Rank Candidates from 0 to 7 Voting System Amendment (2022) - Not on the ballot
2021
Ballotpedia tracked no statewide ballot measures pertaining to electoral systems for 2021.
2020
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) pertaining to electoral systems for 2020.
- Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative (2020) - Approved
- Nevada Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2020) - Not on the ballot
- Massachusetts Question 2, Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2020) - Defeated
- Maine Ranked-Choice Voting for Presidential Elections Referendum (2020) - Not on the ballot
- North Dakota Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting, Redistricting, and Election Process Changes Initiative (2020) - Not on the ballot
2019
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) pertaining to electoral systems for 2019.
- Ohio National Popular Vote for President Initiative (2019) - Not on the ballot
Local ballot measures
Ballotpedia has tracked the following local ballot measures pertaining to electoral systems.
- Ann Arbor, Michigan, Proposal B, Ranked-Choice Voting Charter Amendment (November 2021) - Approved
- Broomfield, Colorado, Question 2A, Ranked-Choice Voting (November 2021) - Approved
- Westbrook, Maine, Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (November 2021) - Approved
- Austin, Texas, Proposition E, Ranked Choice Voting Initiative (May 2021) - Approved
- Burlington, Vermont, Question 4, Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment (March 2021) - Approved
- Minnetonka, Minnesota, Question 1, Ranked Choice Voting Charter Amendment (November 2020) - Approved
- Bloomington, Minnesota, Question 3, Ranked Choice Voting Charter Amendment (November 2020) - Approved
- Boulder, Colorado, Measure 2E, Ranked Choice Voting for Mayor Charter Amendment (November 2020) - Approved
- Albany, California, Measure BB, Ranked Choice Voting Ordinance (November 2020) - Approved
- Eureka, California, Measure C, Ranked Choice Voting Charter Amendment (November 2020) - Approved
- St. Louis, Missouri, Proposition D, Approval Voting Initiative (November 2020) - Approved
- New York City Ballot Question 1, Elections Charter Amendment: Ranked-Choice Voting, Vacancies, and City Council Redistricting Timeline (November 2019) - Approved
- Memphis, Tennessee, Referendum Ordinance No. 5669, Eliminate Run-Off Elections (November 2018) - Defeated
- Fargo, North Dakota, Measure 1, Approval Voting Initiative (November 2018) - Approved
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, City Question 1, A Proposal to Use Instant Runoff Voting in Minneapolis Elections (November 2006) - Approved
- Memphis, Tennessee, Referendum No. 5, Instant Runoff Voting (November 2008) - Approved
- Santa Clara, California, Measure A, By-District Council Elections and Ranked-Choice Voting Charter Amendment (June 2018) - Defeated
- Memphis, Tennessee, Referendum Ordinance No. 5677, Eliminate Run-Off Elections (November 2018) - Defeated
- Santa Fe, New Mexico, Amendment 5, Ranked-Choice Voting (March 2008) - Approved
See also
Select a state on the map below to read more about electoral systems in that state.
//ballotpedia.org/Electoral_systems_in_STATE
- Electoral systems legislation at the state and city levels in the United States, 2017
- Primary systems legislation at the state and city levels in the United States, 2017
- Electoral system
- Ballot exhaustion
External links
- FairVote, "Data on Ranked Choice Voting"
- ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network
- Ranked Choice Voting Resource Center
- Electology.org (The Center for Election Science)
- Protect My Ballot
- RankedVote: Create Ranked-Choice Contests & Elections
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 FairVote, "Electoral Systems," accessed July 7, 2017
- ↑ MinneapolisMN.gov, "Frequently Asked Questions about Ranked-Choice Voting," accessed July 7, 2017
- ↑ MinneapolisMN.gov, "Frequently Asked Questions about Ranked-Choice Voting," accessed July 7, 2017
- ↑ FairVote, "RCV Elections and Runoffs: Exhausted Votes vs Exhausted Voters in the Bay Area," October 19, 2016
- ↑ MinnPost, "Ranked-choice-voting reality: Theoretical 'perfect case' doesn't happen," August 26, 2013
- ↑ FairVote, "Where RCV Is Used," accessed May 18, 2018
- ↑ The Florida Senate, "CS/CS/SB 524: Election Administration," accessed April 28, 2022
- ↑ This includes the presidential election.
- ↑ Yes on 5; More Voice, "FAQ," accessed August 3, 2017
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Why Ranked-Choice Voting Makes Sense," October 16, 2016
- ↑ FairVote, "Problems RCV Can Help Solve," accessed August 3, 2017
- ↑ Governing, "Can Adopting Ranked-Choice Voting Make Politics Civil?" November 4, 2013
- ↑ Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, "Ranked-Choice Voting Is Not the Solution," November 3, 2016
- ↑ CentralMaine.com, "We don’t need ranked-choice voting," December 17, 2015
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