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Under a Creative Commons license Open access AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of feeding safety instructions and dietary intervention on aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients with dysphagia. MethodsThe study included 40 long-term hospitalized elderly patients with dysphagia who needed oral intake. According to the voluntary and matching principle, participants were divided into the intervention group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). We formed a multi-disciplinary team including clinical nurses, rehabilitation therapists and nutritionists. Clinical nurses collaborated with nutritionists and rehabilitation therapists to carry out feeding management. The patients in the control group were fed with semi-solid food, thick liquid, a partial mushy diet and so on according to their swallowing situations and tastes or preferences. The patients in the intervention group were fed with an all mushy diet. Patients in both groups were able to eat foods on their own or with assistance. ResultsAfter a three-month intervention, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in both groups was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the control group, seven patients had aspiration pneumonia, including two cases who died after nasogastric feeding due to aggravated dysphagia. In the control group, seven patients had aspiration pneumonia, including two cases was given nasogastric feeding due to aggravated dysphagia and then one case died. In the intervention group, four patients had aspiration pneumonia. There was no dropouts in either group. ConclusionsElderly patients with dysphagia require a multidisciplinary team to work closely with them to carry out feeding management. Nurses should conduct safety guidance for care catering and encouraging patients to actively eat a mushy diet. The diet can reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia, maintain oral intake and improve the quality of life. KeywordsElderly Dysphagia Feeding management Aspiration pneumonia Cited by (0)Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. BMC Geriatrics volume 18, Article number: 167 (2018) Cite this article
AbstractBackgroundAlthough modifying diets, by thickening liquids and modifying the texture of foods, to reduce the risk of aspiration has become central to the current management of dysphagia, the effectiveness of this intervention has been questioned. This narrative review examines, and discusses possible reasons for, the apparent discrepancy between the widespread use of modified diets in current clinical practice and the limited evidence base regarding the benefits and risks of this approach. DiscussionThere is no good evidence to date that thickening liquids reduces pneumonia in dysphagia and this intervention may be associated with reduced fluid intake. Texture-modified foods may contribute to undernutrition in those with dysphagia. Modified diets worsen the quality of life of those with dysphagia, and non-compliance is common. There is substantial variability in terminology and standards for modified diets, in the recommendations of individual therapists, and in the consistency of diets prepared by healthcare staff for consumption. Although use of modified diets might appear to have a rational pathophysiological basis in dysphagia, the relationship between aspiration and pneumonia is not clear-cut. Clinical experience may be a more important determinant of everyday practice than research evidence and patient preferences. There are situations in the management of dysphagia where common sense and the necessity of intervention will clearly outweigh any lack of evidence or when application of evidence-based principles can enable good decision making despite the absence of robust evidence. Nevertheless, there is a significant discrepancy between the paucity of the evidence base supporting use of modified diets and the beliefs and practices of practitioners. ConclusionThe disconnect between the limited evidence base and the widespread use of modified diets suggests the need for more careful consideration as to when modified diets might be recommended to patients. Patients (or their representatives) have a choice whether or not to accept a modified diet and must receive adequate information, about the potential risks and impact on quality of life as well as the possible benefits, to make that choice. There is an urgent need for better quality evidence regarding this intervention. Peer Review reports BackgroundOropharyngeal dysphagia is common in older people and in those with neurological and neurodegenerative diseases [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Dysphagia increases the risk of aspiration, or entry of food and fluid into the airways below the true vocal folds, and of aspiration pneumonia. Use of modified diets to try to prevent aspiration and its consequences in those with dysphagia has increased dramatically in recent decades [3, 7]: thickened fluids are used in up to a quarter of long-term care residents [8]; and 15–30% of long-term care residents and 30–45% of older people in acute and rehabilitation wards receive modified-texture food [9]. Dietary modifications are often guided by an instrumental assessment, such as a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), during which the effects of physical manoeuvres and of swallowing liquids and solids of varying bolus sizes and consistencies on the passage of material through the vocal cords into the airways are examined [4]. The clinical effects of modified diets in adults with dysphagia, or in selected subgroups, have been examined in multiple high-quality systematic reviews in recent years [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. These have noted the generally small size and low quality of studies and the paucity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic search of the literature since the most recent such review [10], and using the same search strategy, did not find any relevant RCT published between May 2016 and May 2018. In the absence of new RCT evidence, it is arguable that an additional systematic review is unnecessary. Instead, this narrative review has the following goals:
DiscussionModifying diets to prevent pneumoniaOverall, there is no convincing evidence to suggest that texture modified foods and thickened fluids benefit adults with dysphagia by preventing pneumonia and its consequences [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. There have been few RCTs regarding the effects of thickening fluids and none regarding texture modified food. This contrasts with reasonable evidence suggesting benefits from swallow rehabilitation [29], including a large single-site RCT showing that a standard programme of early behavioural swallowing intervention (including active therapeutic approaches and dietary modification) from speech and language therapists (SLTs) in acute stroke patients reduced the risk of chest infections over six months compared with ‘usual care’ (relative risk reduction 0.56) [30]. (Usual care in this study involved patient management by the attending physicians and referral to SLTs or for a VFSS only if the physician considered it to be appropriate). The best evidence (based on the GRADE system of rating quality of evidence [10, 31]) regarding the effects of thickened liquids in dysphagic patients on prevention of pneumonia comes from a large multi-centre study [32, 33]. Initially, Logemann et al. studied 711 patients with dementia or Parkinson’s disease who aspirated on thin liquids during a VFSS and who all received three interventions - chin-down posture while taking thin fluids and nectar-thickened and honey-thickened liquids in a head-neutral position – in a randomised order during the VFSS [32]. Half the participants aspirated on all and 25% did not aspirate on any of the interventions; 68% aspirated on chin-down, 65% on nectar-thickened and 53% on honey-thickened liquids (all pair-wise comparisons significant at p < 0.001 or more). Honey-thickened liquids were significantly less likely to prevent aspiration when presented last than when presented first in the sequence of trials, which may reflect the effects of fatigue. In a follow-up study, Robbins et al. randomised 504 subjects who had done equally well (all interventions eliminated aspiration) or poorly (no intervention eliminated aspiration) to continue with one of the three interventions [33]. The cumulative incidence of pneumonia after 3 months was 9.8% in the chin-down group, 8.4% in the nectar-thick group and 15.0% in the honey-thick group (differences not significant). The median hospital stay because of pneumonia was 18 days in the honey-thick group compared with 4 days for the nectar-thick and 6 days for the chin-down groups, which may reflect an increased aspiration risk and greater difficulty in clearing the airways with more viscous fluids interventions [28, 34, 35]. More patients assigned to thickened liquids than those assigned to the chin-down posture developed dehydration (6% vs. 2%, p = 0.05). Urinary tract infection and fever were also more common in the thickened liquid groups. Ultimately, the trial ended early after a futility analysis concluded that enrolling additional participants would not change the results. The authors concluded that no definitive conclusions about the superiority of any of the tested interventions could be made. Other studies provide indirect evidence regarding the effects of thickened fluids. In ‘free water protocols’, selected patients who aspirate thin fluids are allowed to drink water, often under supervision and after meticulous oral hygiene, in addition to thickened fluids. A recent meta-analysis of data from inpatient rehabilitation units concluded that there was low-quality evidence that this approach did not increase the risk of lung complications and may increase fluid intake and patient satisfaction [36]. Prospective and retrospective studies of the long-term outcomes of patients with aspiration or penetration on instrumental assessments have not found a significant association between dietary recommendations and occurrence of pulmonary complications or survival [37, 38]. Potential hazards and disadvantages of modified dietsPoor hydrationPoor hydration is common in frail older people and, in particular, in nursing home residents where up to a half of residents in several studies have current or impending water-loss dehydration (when fluid output exceeds fluid input leading to raised serum osmolality) [39,40,41]. Some reports examining fluid intake have found a reduced intake in those receiving thickened fluids [42,43,44,45]. Vivienti and colleagues found that the greatest contribution to oral fluid intake in hospital patients with dysphagia was from food rather than beverages; however, even allowing for this, none of the patients in their study achieved their calculated fluid requirements unless enteral or parenteral fluids were given [44]. An Australian study noted that only 17% of health care facilities monitored thickened fluid consumption routinely although most staff recognised the risk of inadequate fluid intake in those given such fluids [46]. Fewer studies to date have examined the relationship between modified diets and biochemical indices of dehydration. In a retrospective study of acute stroke patients, any modification of solid diets or thickened liquids resulted in significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen/creatinine values at discharge compared with those not having that intervention [47]; these biochemical changes occurred after an average of only 3–4 days of receiving modified diets. In another study, 75% of residential care residents restricted to thickened liquids for oral hydration had biochemical indices showing dehydration [48]. Poor nutritionThe use of modified-texture foods, particularly pureed diets, contributes to the high prevalence of malnutrition in those with dysphagia, especially in long-term care residents [9, 49,50,51,52]. A reduction in food intake is common, and pureed diets are often poorer in calories, protein and micronutrients than regular diets. In a study of Canadian nursing homes, pureed menus tended to contain lower amounts of nutrients than regular texture menus, although there was variability between homes and in some the pureed menus provided the same or more nutrition than the regular texture menus [52]. Delayed medication absorptionEven a minimal increase in viscosity can delay medication dissolution and disintegration and hence bioavailability and this delay becomes greater with increasing viscosity [42, 53]. Absorption of Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class 1 (e.g. prednisolone) and Class 3 (e.g. atenolol, erythromycin and metformin) drugs may be particularly affected if given with thickened liquids [42]. Crushing and mixing tablets or capsules with thickened fluids delays dissolution of amlodipine, atenolol, carbamazepine and warfarin [54]. Although the possible clinical effects of such alterations in bioavailability aren’t known, they would be of particular concern for drugs, like carbamazepine and warfarin, that have a narrow therapeutic index. Impact on quality of lifeHalf to two thirds of dysphagia patients are non-compliant with recommendations to take a modified diet; some are completely non-compliant, while others ‘cheat’ or ‘sneak’ proper food and drinks [55,56,57]. The obvious reason for non-compliance is that patients don’t like modified diets. Patients have even been noted to include refusal of thickened fluids in advance directives [32]. A recent systematic review of studies confirmed that modified diets worsen health-related quality of life significantly [58]. Patients using thickened fluids report less satisfaction with the drinks, with their level of thirst and with mouth cleanliness and use descriptions such as ‘vile’ and ‘awful’ [58, 59]. Some patients may give up preferred drinks rather than having them in their thickened form [60]. Food modification may have an even greater impact on quality of life than thickening of fluids, and consumers complain about the appearance, taste, and mouth-feel of pureed food [58, 61,62,63], and report that eating is reduced ‘to a matter of necessity and hunger’ [63]. Caregiver perceptionsCarers’ beliefs that modified diets are unpalatable also contribute to non-compliance. In a recent study of staff perceptions of pureed food, most had a negative view describing such food with terms like ‘tasteless’ and ‘mush’; positive comments such as ‘tasty’ and ‘aromatic’ mainly came from allied health professionals and dietary-nutrition staff [64]. Healthcare professionals and non-dysphagic patients who have sampled them report a strong dislike for thickened fluids, especially those of higher viscosity [65,66,67,68]. Gorham-Rowan and Coston reported the experience of 68 speech and language therapy students asked to consume only thickened liquids for 24 h: all but one had a negative response to the experience; common symptoms – perhaps related to underhydration - included persistent thirst, craving water, fatigue, headache and difficulty concentrating [68]. Costs associated with modified dietsIn the USA, the total monthly costs for thickened liquids for a person have been estimated to be in the range of $174 to $289 [33, 69] In England, prescribing of thickeners costs the health service about £14 million per year [70]. Pre-prepared meals and fluids are often costlier but this may be offset by savings on staff preparation time and costs in long-stay units [69]. It has been argued that ‘a modest reduction in pneumonia incidence would (my emphasis) produce an enormous economic benefit and increased survival, justifying management of dysphagia’. [71] However, a reduction in pneumonia remains unproven and the costs from treating dehydration and its consequences [72] and from providing nutritional supplements in those with reduced oral intake due to modified diets would be equally deserving of consideration in any economic analysis. Modified diets in clinical practiceUsual clinical practice with regard to modified diets is characterised by a startling inconsistency at all levels: inconsistencies in national standards and practices; inconsistencies in how carers and professionals apply those standards that do exist; and inconsistencies in the recommendations and practices of individual therapists. Lack of standardisation of modified dietsAn international convention on terminology and definitions for texture-modified foods and thickened liquids has recently been agreed [73]. National approaches to describing thickened fluids include descriptive terms such as – in increasing thickness - nectar-like, honey-like and pudding-like, and rheological measures. The same variability is seen in labelling of modified foods [3, 9]. Even experienced SLTs are unable to reliably produce liquids to desired levels of thickness and have only moderate success in their ability to replicate those levels of thickness in later attempts [74]. There is considerable variability in the consistency of thickened fluids prepared by staff within and between hospitals [75]. It is likely that the same problems arise with in-house production of modified texture food [7]. Variability in clinical practiceThe use of different modified diets among SLTs vary greatly [7, 76,77,78]. Among 145 experienced SLTs, although nearly half prescribed thickened liquids for one-fourth to three-fourths of their dysphagic patients, responses ranged from less than 5 % to greater than 90% [7]. A vignette (including viewing a VFSS) of a dysphagic stroke patient elicited 47 treatment techniques and more than 90 treatment combinations from 245 SLTs, including different approaches to modifying diet [78]. In one nursing home study, 91% of patients placed on modified diets were placed on overly restrictive diets [79]. It has also been reported that SLTs are not always involved in training other staff in how to prepare modified diets [7]. While conducting their RCT, Logemann et al. noted that some patients were receiving thickened fluids although they did not have any aspiration of thin liquids during the VFSS [32]. A failure to assess the need for, and to review the acceptability and effectiveness of, modified diets in residential care settings may result from staff shortages or inadequate funding of services provided by SLTs [80]. In an Australian survey of attitudes of different disciplines to mealtime issues in residential care, some participants reported that nurses had the skills to assess swallowing problems and to modify the texture of diets accordingly; a common response was to place residents on a puree diet and thickened fluids without specification of the degree of thickening [80]. Studies of nursing home residents and their families also suggest ‘a blanket provision’ of modified diets in some nursing homes [62]. Why is there a disconnect between evidence and practice?The lack of evidence supporting the use of modified diets to reduce pneumonia is widely acknowledged in the dysphagia literature, and several writers have expressed unease at how widely they are used in everyday practice despite the lack of evidence [26, 81,82,83]. However, even among dysphagia experts, acknowledgement that the evidence base is not strong may be followed may be followed declarations that modified diets are important to maintain health [84]. Commentators have suggested a number of reasons for the discrepancy between evidence and practice and for continuing to recommend modified diets in some circumstances (Table 1) [71, 85,86,87,88,89]. Table 1 Non-evidence-based arguments for and against use of modified diets Full size table Modified diets have a rational pathophysiological basis in dysphagiaModifying diets is a rational approach to reducing aspiration, and this, irrespective of any paucity of long-term evidence, may justify their use [19, 71]. Studies of the effects of bolus modification on swallow safety show that thickening liquids slows their flow rate, allowing more time for airway closure and reduces the risk of aspiration; modified texture food are easier and safer to swallow for those with chewing problems [1,2,3,4]. The avoidance of aspiration by modifying bolus consistency in a swallowing study suggests that modifying everyday dietary consistencies for that person to a similar degree might reduce their subsequent risk of aspiration pneumonia. This argument sounds plausible, but it is only a hypothesis; many widely-used interventions in medicine that should have benefited patients, based on pathophysiological reasoning, ultimately were shown to have no benefit, or even to cause harm [90, 91]. There are also reasons to question whether modifying diets to prevent aspiration pneumonia might represent a considerable over-simplification of the issue.
Evidence-based decision making is not just about RCTsOther writers have criticised the over-emphasis on (the lack of) RCT evidence regarding dysphagia interventions [71, 86]. Many healthcare interventions lack good RCT evidence; this doesn’t mean they don’t work nor that they should not be used [71, 99, 100]. Evidence based practice has been defined as “the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values” [101]. Good clinical practice is more complex than trials alone. Even when good evidence exists, it is not always generalizable to the individual patient, and clinical expertise will be needed to adapt research findings to the needs and wishes of the individual patient. These are strong arguments. Practitioners faced with a patient with troublesome dysphagia must often make pragmatic recommendations even if based on imperfect evidence. It is also true, however, that the absence of robust evidence has a more detrimental effect on decision making if an intervention, as with modified diets, is intrusive and carries significant potential hazards as well as benefits [102, 103]. Attitudes and knowledge of practitionersSurveys of practicing SLTs suggest a strong consensus supporting modified diets based primarily on therapists’ training and experience [7, 8, 87]. Quantitative and qualitative surveys of the attitudes and beliefs of practitioners suggest that clinical experience and pragmatic considerations outweigh research evidence and patient preferences in determining everyday practice [87,88,89]. Ignorance of the lack of evidence may be a factor: one paper commented on ‘a lack of research-based reasoning’, [87] and a survey of 145 SLTs found that 85% agreed and only 5% disagreed that thickening liquids was effective in dysphagia [7]. Also, even therapists familiar with the lack of evidence may be uncomfortable recommending thin fluids for someone who is known to aspirate [81]. Modified diets are justified if consent is obtainedAs with other healthcare interventions, the person or, if he or she lacks capacity to decide, their representative should decide - and accept responsibility for the consequences of that decision - whether to take a modified diet after receiving adequate information about the risks and benefits of their use [32, 104, 105]. This is a persuasive argument provided that the ethical requirements of informed consent - provision of accurate and balanced information regarding treatment options and their benefits and risks and the voluntariness of choice - are met. Given the lack of robust evidence, most recommendations to modify diets should come hedged with ‘maybe’s’ and with acknowledgements of uncertainty rather than with ‘must’s’. However, the strong belief of some practitioners that modified diets are essential and beneficial might influence how they educate patients (as well as catering, nursing and other staff) about modified diets [78, 87]. Ullrich and Crichton, in a qualitative study of the attitudes of staff and nursing home residents and their families regarding texture modified food, commented on a risk-averse culture of care: ‘Risk management was …. communicated through language that was punitive—stripped down to imperatives that attended solely to compliance…’ [63]. Some reports regarding those who are non-compliant with recommendations to modify diets raise questions about how voluntarily people give consent. Non-compliance may cause ‘moral unease or distress’ to staff; some may refuse to participate in feeding a non-compliant patient; patients who remains determined to make what is seen as an unduly risky choice may be threatened with premature discharge [106]. Non-compliant patients may be asked to sign waivers of liability [106,107,108], although this approach has been criticized by others [109, 110]. Exceptions to the need for research evidenceSituations do arise in the management of dysphagia where common sense and the necessity of intervention will clearly outweigh any lack of evidence or when application of evidence-based principles can enable good decision making despite the absence of robust RCT evidence. Immediate and significant distress or dangerIt seems obvious that assessment and intervention is needed if there is immediate and significant distress related to feeding or a high risk of asphyxiation. (‘Immediate’ and ‘significant’ are highlighted: the distress that might result from developing pneumonia or occurrence of non-severe symptoms such as a wet voice or a clearing cough should not be used as a justification for widespread intervention). People with severe aspiration or chewing problems may be fearful of taking thin liquids and a normal diet [85]. They may, even without liking the diet, appreciate the greater control and lower risk of immediate aspiration from a modified diet. In conjunction with a swallow rehabilitation programThere is some evidence of benefit from swallow rehabilitation programs, and intensive swallow therapy reduces chest infections in dysphagic acute stroke patients [29, 30]. Patients undergoing swallow rehabilitation may also, if judged appropriate, receive modified diets. This implies, even without direct evidence, that similar benefits can be expected in other populations undergoing active swallow rehabilitation. Also, modified diets seem likely to be more acceptable to patients if they are for a limited period under practitioner supervision in this context. Individual treatment trialEven in the absence of high quality evidence, a ‘carefully controlled single patient treatment trial’ to evaluate the effect of an intervention is justified if an intervention is logical for that patient, there is a reasonable expectation of benefit and the patient agrees [111]. This seems a reasonable approach when, for example, an instrumental assessment suggests that someone might benefit from a particular modified diet. It acknowledges, in particular, the importance of the patient’s perspective, the need for any discussion regarding an intervention to be dependent on the quality of evidence and the importance of follow-up. ConclusionsThere is little good evidence of benefit from modified diets and there is the potential for harm including as adverse impact on quality of life. This does not mean that use of modified diets should be abandoned. It does suggest the need for careful consideration as to when modified diets might be recommended to patients and how discussions about modified diets should be conducted and informed consent sought. When should modified diets be considered or recommended?It is likely that practitioners will have to continue to consider the appropriateness of modified diets for patients with dysphagia without the benefit of RCT evidence for the foreseeable future. (Examination of the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (23rd May 2018) shows no registered trial dealing with this topic). It has been argued persuasively that, even in these circumstances, application of the principles of evidence-based practice can lead to practitioners and their patients making reasonable decisions about this intervention [32, 111]. Individual trials of treatment, after discussing the possible benefits and risks and their own preferences with patients, with appropriate follow-up will often be a reasonable option. While there are no doubt many settings where such good practices are followed, some studies raise concerns about whether everyday practice and attitudes towards modified diets does reflect an evidence-based approach. These include studies showing an overreliance of some practitioners on clinical experience and training to guide practice and the provision of modified diets, perhaps particularly in long-stay units, without appropriate assessment, communication, implementation and review. It is true that some such practices are outside the control of clinicians [80]; nevertheless, clinicians should not be complicit in poor practice and should communicate and document their concerns to their patients and to the relevant institutions. Communicating with patients about modified dietsTone of discussions and strength of recommendationsThe tone of the discussions between clinicians and patients and the strength of recommendations of the former should be highly dependent on the quality of the evidence. There should be, in effect, a sliding scale of how strongly clinicians should recommend modified diets from, for example, urging or pleading with a reluctant or non-compliant patient to accept some modification of food texture if their risk of an asphyxial death is high to, at most, a tentative suggestion of a trial of therapy if there might be sufficient benefit from a thick fluid consistency to offset the risks of dehydration and impact on quality of life. Ultimately, the patient must understand that, irrespective of the view of the clinician, he or she has a choice. What level of disclosure is required regarding benefits and risksClinician recommendations and patient decisions are based on their relative assessments of whether the potential benefits of modified diets (or other interventions) will outweigh the potential risks (including impaired quality of life). It is for the patient to decide how he or she would judge that balance. In order to make that decision the patient needs and is entitled to information, not only about the potential for reducing aspiration pneumonia, but about possible risks and hazards, including underhydration and nutrition and the impact on quality of life [112]. Uncertainty, while a potential cause of stress for patients, is a fair description of current knowledge of the potential benefits and risks from modified diets and should be acknowledged and communicated when discussing this intervention. It would be unacceptable to seek to withhold information about the possible hazards of modified fluids to try and improve adherence to clinician recommendations. Quality of lifeQuality of life is as or more important than quantity of life for many people [103, 113–116]. The fact that modified diets often worsen quality of life suggests that non-compliance is an understandable and rational choice for many people [58, 65]. This would still be the case even if there were evidence that non-compliance result in adverse effects. One benefit of reviewing patients who have had a trial of therapy with modified diets is that they can balance any possible benefits (such as absence of chest infections), possible risks (such as need for treatment with parenteral fluids) and their lived experience with modified diets and make a fresh, and more-informed, decision whether to continue with a modified diet. Need for further researchModified diets are a more intrusive intervention than any medication and are widely used in the absence of a high-quality evidence base. Individual patient trials may be the best that can be achieved at present but are no substitute for having RCT evidence to guide practice. Such trials are even more important if widespread screening of those who do not present with worrying symptoms directly suggestive of aspiration problems is to be recommended [117]. There is also much to learn about how best to monitor those receiving modified diets, in particular for hydration status. Biochemical testing, perhaps weekly initially and then less frequently, would seem the most obvious candidate but this requires further evaluation. ‘More research is needed’ is an often-derided cliché, but it is, I believe, a justified conclusion of many reviews dealing with modified diets in dysphagia [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. AbbreviationsRCT: randomized controlled trial SLT:speech and language therapist VFSS:videofluoroscopic swallowing study References
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ContributionsSTOK conducted the literature review and wrote the paper. The author read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding authorCorrespondence to Shaun T. O’Keeffe. Ethics declarationsEthics approval and consent to participateNot applicable. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe author declares that he has no competing interests. Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissionsOpen Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Reprints and Permissions About this articleCite this articleO’Keeffe, S.T. Use of modified diets to prevent aspiration in oropharyngeal dysphagia: is current practice justified?. BMC Geriatr 18, 167 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0839-7 Download citation
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How can you prevent aspiration in dysphagia?What can I do to prevent aspiration from dysphagia?. Taking good care of your mouth and teeth.. Getting dental treatment (such as dentures) when needed.. Taking medicines as advised.. Stopping smoking.. Sitting with good posture when eating and drinking.. Doing oral exercises as advised by the SLP.. How do you prevent aspiration when eating?Preventing Aspiration. Avoid distractions when you're eating and drinking, such as talking on the phone or watching TV.. Cut your food into small, bite-sized pieces. ... . Eat and drink slowly.. Sit up straight when eating or drinking, if you can.. If you're eating or drinking in bed, use a wedge pillow to lift yourself up.. What nursing interventions can reduce the risk of aspiration?Nursing Interventions for Risk For Aspiration. Keep suctioning equipment at the bedside. ... . Performing suctioning as necessary. ... . Keep the head of the bed elevated after feeding. ... . Implement other feeding techniques. ... . Consult with speech therapy. ... . Follow diet modifications. ... . Position properly.. What safety precaution should you take for a patient that has a risk of aspiration?Stay upright for 45 minutes to 1 hour after you eat or drink. Eat small amounts slowly. Do not eat or drink with a straw. Take small bites and chew well before you swallow.
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