The diagram below illustrates the influences on us that result in our behaviour and whether that resulting behaviour is ethical. The diagram first outlines the sources of our beliefs. It then shows the relationship between the beliefs and values to our attitudes and our resulting behaviour.
What is a belief?
A belief is an idea that a person holds as being true.
A person can base a belief upon certainties (e.g. mathematical principles), probabilities or matters of faith.
A belief can come from different sources, including:
- a person’s own experiences or experiments
- the acceptance of cultural and societal norms (e.g. religion)
- what other people say (e.g.education or mentoring).
A potential belief sits with the person until they accept it as truth, and adopt it as part of their individual belief system.
Each person evaluates and seeks sound reasons or evidence for these potential beliefs in their own way.
Once a person accepts a belief as a truth they are willing to defend, it can be said to form part of their belief system.
What is a personal value?
Values are stable long-lasting beliefs about what is important to a person. They become standards by which people order their lives and make their choices.
A belief will develop into a value when the person’s commitment to it grows and they see it as being important.
It is possible to categorise beliefs into different types of values – examples include values that relate to happiness, wealth, career success or family.
A person must be able to articulate their values in order to make clear, rational, responsible and consistent decisions.
What is an attitude?
Attitudes are the mental dispositions people have towards others and the current circumstances before making decisions that result in behaviour. People primarily form their attitudes from underlying values and beliefs.
However, factors which may not have been internalised as beliefs and values can still influence a person’s attitudes at the point of decision-making. Typical influences include the desire to please, political correctness, convenience, peer pressure, and psychological stressors.
Note
The potential for these influences to sway attitudes will be greater if the person has not clearly thought through their beliefs and values. This process includes considering the principles by which they might reconcile or prioritise competing values.
A lack of self-awareness or critical insight, or the presence of ambivalence or uncertainty about values, can lead to a less rational attitude to choices, and ultimately to undesirable behaviour.
Who is best classified as being in a state of emerging adulthood?
Whitney who is 25 is best classified.
Tonya considers herself more of an adolescent, not yet fully an adult. This qualifies her as being in a state known as
Role transitions always include the acquisition of
The criteria for reaching adulthood are referred to as
Joseph suddenly finds himself newly married and out of school and a new job. Joseph is experiencing
Which markers best describe the transition into adulthood in most Western societies?
Markers that are loosely defined and consist of many numbers of events
In most non-western developing cultures ____ is the most important characteristic and determinist of adult status.
As a female growing up in a developing nation, a women's transition to adulthood is most likely to be based on her ability to
A rite of passage is best classified as a
The youngest age at which most college classify an individual as a returning adult student is
Nicole is 18 years old and engages in many risky behaviors, For example she drives very fast and recklessly and does not use protection when having sex. Nicole is a typical adolescent these behaviors will ___ when she gets older.
Research on Ericksons theory of identity intimacy produced which conclusion
There are multiple pathways to achieving identity and intimacy. Find ones self to be ok with others.
Who is least likely to be considered an adult in US?
16-year-old high school student is least likely to be considered an adult
Which statement concerning second hand smoke is true?
Second hand smoke can lead to disease and death
Jimmy goes to a party with his College buddies and has six beers in a row. Jimmys behavior would be best classified as
Who would we classify as a binge drinker?
Susan who drank 4 beers in a row within the last two weeks
Amanda is physically dependent on alcohol experiences withdraw symptoms when she doesn't drink. Amanda's experience with alcohol would best be described as
Alcohol addiction results in Chemical changes that cause the body to
Concerning treatment of alcohol abuse in young adults, The Long-term effect for most programs are
Bernice is very interested in studying how the energy needs of the human body change through the life. In other words Bernice is interested in studying
Tony and Tim have just gotten married. Which component is love is most likely to be stronger 20 years from now than it is today?
The intimacy component of love is most similar to the __ feat of adult friendship?
AcCording to the author of the prophet the two sides of love are
The assortative mating theory proposes that initial Mate selection is based primarily on
When Deciding on a potential mate Fletcher says I just need to find someone A lot like me. this statement fits very well with
Assortative mating theory
Two researchers found that ____tended to promote strong homogeny?
Surveys indicate that nearly 1 in five couples in the United States ___
Physical attractiveness is important in love relationships for
Arnold is a highly educated intelligent young man with a less than pleasing disposition. As such he is most likely to be viewed as
An excellent potential mate in some cultures but not others
In their cross culture study of mate selection Gus and colleagues found that the characteristics of chastity ___
showed the most variation as to whether it is important to make a selection.
Who is most likely to have a positive internal working model of herself and a negative model of others?
Carla who has a dismissing romantic attachment
According to research cited in your text approximately 80% of marriages in India are ___
Research on biology of physical attraction suggest that neurochemicals are related to and amphetamine. Amphetamines ____
underline the feelings of exhilaration that often is experienced when you fall in love.
When discussing his relationship with his wife, travis says I have a very strong sense of commitment and tranquility. Researchers have suggested that the neurophysiological basis for this feeling maybe due to
Brain chemicals related to morphine
In a relationship in which one individual becomes violent or aggressivetowards others. It is classified as an
The defining believe among individuals experiencing battered woman syndrome is that they are
Powerless to get away from the abuser
In the United States cohabitation
increased tenfold in the past 30 years.
Who is most likely to make A commitment and to cohabit earlier?
Ellen and Helen the lesbian couple
In the book the prophet, it States that ____ is love made visible.
The attitudes, behaviors, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our
Marvin wants to learn more about identity formation in adolescence given this interest he would be best served by reading the words of
According to Ericsson, the key adolescent crisis involves the
Identity versus role confusion
What do you want to be when you grow up? 10-year-old sanJay says "my dad says I should be a doctor so I guess that's what I'll be." According to Marsha, Sanjay is in a state of
After exploring a number of career options Andrea chooses to become an accountant. According to Marsha what level of identity status is Andrea exibiting
Which Individual is exhibiting a moratorium in the process of developing identity?
The individual who is examining different alternatives but has not yet found one that is satisfactory
Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by excessive
The defining feature of personal fable is a feeling of
Learning about ones culture and heritage sets the foundation for a persons ___ identity.
The emphasis in the second phase of ethnic identity information is
Which statement best exemplifies the second phase of ethnic identity and achievements?
Creating a distinct ethnic self-concept
20-year-old Tallisburg immigrated to the United States from Scotland at age 12. What is his most likely ethnic identity?
He continues to see himself as Scottish.
What is the best description of the relationship between strength of ethnic identity and self-esteem?
Positive correlation between them
Which best summarizes the research findings of a developing self-esteem?
Developmental changes in self-esteem vary by domains
The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to
When Molly hears that several people in her geology class says she's great It's likely to __ self esteem.
Which statement concerning self-esteem is true?
A harmonious child parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self-esteem in adolescence.
Cross-cultural studies of adolescent self perception indicate that most teenagers feel
As a typical American teen Ralph is most likely to describe his first sex partner as
If Will is an average adult the main reason for him working is so that he can ____
According to liv weissmann, which is not one of the four common ????
The concept called meaning mission fit, can be defined as
Alignment between an executives personal intention and his or her firms mission
According to Holland, people choose occupations that ___
Fit with their personality
Holland categorizes occupations using the dimensions of
interpersonal setting and lifestyle
People tend to like college courses and majors that
When looking for a specific occupation like construction worker you would expect to find
Virtually no difference between the personalities of females and males
Vocational maturity is best associated with __
The amount of congruence between occupation behaviors and age
Which developmental task would you most likely characterize Dave who is in his mid teens?
Super, the theorist, would project at 23-year-old Sophie is most likely to be in
The selection of specific occupations marks the beginning of
Stabilization of occupational development
Women who are mentored receive several benefits. Which benefit is most likely to hurt them
Higher career expectations
Because it is important to match perspective mentors and mentees effectively some organizationshave created
learning experiences to mentees and on the job experiences
Job satisfaction is defined as a
Positive feeling resulting from praise at ones work
A worker that is described as alienated is most likely to feel