How does the sociocultural perspective relate to your development as a person quizlet?

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What is the correct order in which these theories emerged, from earliest to latest?

psychodynamic, behaviorism, humanistic, cognitivism
behaviorism, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitivism
psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitivism, humanistic
behaviorism, psychodynamic, cognitivism, humanistic

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1. a whole group of people

2. research that explores the "why" and "how" of situations

3. something that is likely to change

4. sum of all numbers divided by the total number of scores; the average

5. the middle number in a set of ordered numbers

6. the number that occurs most often in a given set of numbers

7. revealing and explaining all aspects of an experiment to a participant

8. rules of conduct; moral principles

Tajfel et al 1971

Background: The social identity theory was developed by Tajfel and Turner in 1979. The theory is based on four concepts that are interrelated. The concepts are social categorization, social identity, social comparison and positive distinctiveness. Social categorization is dividing the environment where which one lives into in-groups and out-groups. One belongs to an in group and does not belong to an out group. Social categorization thus reduces perceived variability in the in group so everyone is similar to each other, reduces perceived variability in the out group so they are all also similar to each other and lastly increases perceived variability between the in group and the out group meaning we are different from them. Exaggerating similarities in the in group and differences with the out group is called the category accentuation effect. Social identity is our concept of self based on our membership in multiple social groups. Social identity is different than personal identity because social identity is based on inter group behaviors while personal identity is based on our interpersonal behaviors. Basically when you relate to someone personally your personal characteristics determine your behavior and when you relate to someone as a member of a separate group your social identity determines your behavior. Fiske and Taylor identified this in 2008 where in terms of competition people can compete as individuals or as members of rival teams ie showing their personal identity or social identity. Social comparison and positive distinctiveness he last two concepts of social identity theory go together. People strive for a positive self concept and our social identity helps to build this positive self concept by contributing to how we feel about ourselves resulting in positive social identities to maintain and enhance self esteem. Positive social identities result from a process of social comparison where we always compare our in groups to our out groups and this comparison is caused by our need for positive distinctiveness which is motivation to show our in group is preferable to our out group. An established superiority of in group over out group means our social identities and self esteem are positive. Inter-group behaviors based on SIT include Ethnocentrism, In group favoritism, Inter-group differentiation, Stereotypical thinking and conformity to in groups. Ethnocentrism is an in group serving bias and it identifies positive behaviors of in group members as their disposition and negative behaviors of in group members as being due to situational factors. Regarding out group members ethnocentrism is the opposite attributing positive behaviors of out group members as due to situational factors and negative behaviors of out groups members as due to their disposition. In group favoritism is the behavior that favors in group over out group. Inter group differentiation is behavior which emphasizes the differences between the in group and the out group. Stereotypical thinking means that in groups and out groups are perceived stereotypically and conformity to in group norms means in group members act in accordance to standards of behavior defined by the in group. SIT has been supported by many experiments using the minimal group paradigm introduced by Tajfel. The paradigm defines in groups and out groups on arbitrary criteria such as tossing a coin and group members never know who belongs to their in group or out group or interact with each other.

Aim: To see if in life in groups and out groups can be defined on arbitrary criteria( minimal group paradigm).

Method: Laboratory experiment

Procedure: Tajfel divided British schoolboys as participants into two groups randomly. The boys were led to believe that their groups were defined on the basis of preference for a certain painter (Klee or Kandinsky). The boys worked individually and had to give points to in groups and out group members without working together and researchers were interested to see how they would distribute their points.

Results: The boys showed a strong tendency to favor in group members over out group members showing in group favoritism. Along with this the boys strategies showed positive distinctiveness due to the boys sacrificing gain of the in group to maximize the difference between the in group and the out group for example giving an in group members 7 and an out group member 1 instead of giving both groups 13 points.

Interpretation of results: The boys showed in group favoritism and positive distinctiveness without even meeting each other based on the notion of a more preferable painter alone easily creating an in group and an out group.

Evaluation of study:
Positives: Acted in accordance with SIT, hundreds of empirical research in support of the minimal group paradigm.
Negatives: Demand characteristics, Not a natural setting.

Brown(1978)

Background: Many researchers felt the researchers were only obtaining minimal group paradigm results due to participants demand characteristics of the experiment. However researchers like Brown noted that the effect can be obtained even when participants don't know they are being observed such as in a natural setting.

Aim: To show that minimal group paradigm exists even in a natural setting where participants don't know they are being observed.

Method: Field study

Procedure: Observed wage negotiations in a British aircraft engineering factory.

Results: Trade union members of one department sacrificed 2 euros a week in order to increase their competitive advantage over the out group department by one euro.

Interpretation of results: Shows positive distinctiveness and formation of in groups and out groups in a natural setting exhibiting the minimal group paradigm.

Evaluation of study:
Positives: Internal validity: statistical analysis, established in group and out group ( our department vs theirs)
Negatives: Did department members do it for positive distinctiveness or for other benefits?

Evaluation of SIT:
Positives: Demonstrated the role of social categorization and inter group behavior. Drew distinction between social and personal identity. Theory has generated large amounts of empirical research and is continuing to expand.

Negatives:
Self esteem hypothesis: The increase of self esteem with discriminating the out group from your in group is too short lived to have long lasting effects on how members view themselves.
Individual differences do affect SIT processes. Platow(1990): Competitive participants show greater in group favoritism than cooperative participants.

What are three important factors that are stressed the sociocultural perspective in the section on human diversity?

Which perspective emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors in explaining behavior?

Which perspective focuses on how our thinking influences our behavior?

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?