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1.ENGLISH
- royal charter, Colonists were recruited from among middle-class farmers, artisans, and tradesmen. Indentured servants, specialists in certain areas (i.e., sawmill workers, lumbermen), and convicted criminals were also brought over. Immigrants from other countries were welcomed.
ECONOMY: Diverse economic activities included farming, fishing, and trading. Exports included tobacco, rice, timber, and fish. Tobacco was the main source of revenue in the Virginia and
North Carolina colonies.
RELIGION: Largely non-Catholics. Although some tolerance was practiced in most colonies, the Puritans in Massachusetts established an autocratic and restrictive religious leadership. Pennsylvania mandated complete tolerance
GOVERNMENT: Distance from England and a frugal Parliament allowed colonists to set up local governments and representative assemblies and to tax themselves, as long as they did not take up arms against the Crown
SPANISH
Crown-sponsored
conquests gained riches for Spain and expanded its empire. Populated with Conquistadores, soldiers, and missionaries were the primary Spanish colonizers; farmers and traders came later
ECONOMY:Largely a trading economy; some farming in the West. Commerce was controlled by the Spanish board of trade, with regulations enforced by the Spanish military.
RELIGION: Settlers were restricted to Catholics; Protestants were persecuted and driven out.
GOVERNMENT: Colonies were governed by crown
appointed viceroys or governors. Settlers had to obey the king's laws and could make none of their own.
The Spanish tended to set up the equivalent of fiefdoms, where the ruler of a particular area tended to be from Spain itself rather than one of the local residents. The Spanish also had a higher instance of intermixing with the First Nations, resulting in the modern distinction between Latinos and Spanish proper.
The French were generally not into large scale colonization. Their preferred activity in the Americas (Canada and Louisiana) was trade. The only major settlement of the French forms the basis of modern Quebec, although a significant settlement in the Acadia region of Canada got displaced by the British, with the residents eventually settling in modern Louisiana. The term Cajun is derived from Acadia.
The English formed large-scale colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, but unlike the Spanish, they were for the most part home-ruled. That is, the leaders of the colonies generally came from those colonies instead of from Britain itself. The English colonies were also more heterogeneous, having groups from Scotland (before the Act of Union), Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. They were also more religiously diverse as some colonies were Anglican, but others tended to be refuges for Puritans, Separatists, Quakers, and English Catholics.