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Industrialization Allowed Industrial Powers to Further Expand into Asia and AfricaAfter losing control in the Americas, European powers turned their attention to Africa and Asia. Their expansion into these areas ranged from outright control to indirect control over decisions made by native governments. The problem for African and Asian societies At the end of the first half of the 19th century, China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire faced an expansionist Europe at their doorstep. Faced with industrial Europe’s economic and military might, these civilizations were on the verge of becoming European imperial possessions. Unequal treaties: While they maintained their formal independence, during the 19th century, Europe had managed to force China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire into signing unequal treaties that expanded European control over portions of their territory and economy. Key term: Unequal treaties are agreements signed between nations. The more powerful nation forces the less powerful nation into an agreement that primarily only benefits the more powerful nation. Potential solutions to the European problem Scholars in these societies debated strengthening their societies and stopping a European takeover. Modernizers thought that their societies should start European-style reforms to strengthen their societies. In most places, this meant industrialization to modernize their economies and military. Challenges in reforming their societies Traditionalists often resisted reforms because they saw them as challenges to their power. They worried that if their societies reformed, reforms would weaken their power. A variety of external and internal weaknesses weakened China, Japan, and the Ottoman EmpireHow did industrial powers influence China?Between 1839 and 1860, China fought a series of battles against the British known as the Opium Wars. After their loss in these battles, China
How did industrial powers influence Japan?Japan had closed off its ports to most European and American traders in the 17th century had managed to keep most European influence out of Japan.
How did industrial powers influence the Ottoman Empire?The Ottoman Empire reached its peak by the end of the 16th century, right as Europe was strengthening.
What internal problems weakened China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire?Internal weaknesses also made societies more susceptible to European expansion. Qing Dynasty China
Economic and technological
Japan
Economic and technological
The Ottoman Empire
Economic and technological
China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire Reformed Their Societies to Modernize and Strengthen ThemGovernments began reforms to strengthen their societies against European influence. The Chinese Self-Strengthening MovementThe Self-Strengthening Movement was a movement in which the Qing dynasty in China attempted to modernize the Chinese government, military, and educational systems to better compete with industrialized powers.
Economic and technological
The Japanese Meiji reformsThe Meiji reforms were political, economic, and social reforms that sought to transform Japan from a primarily feudal and agricultural society into an industrialized power.
Economic and technological
The Ottoman Tanzimat reformsThe Tanzimat reforms were a series of government policies that attempted to strengthen the weakening Ottoman Empire.
Economic and technological
Some Elites Groups Resisted Reforms and ModernizationMembers of elite groups often resisted political reforms, which they viewed as threats to their power. ChinaVarious groups in China resisted reform.
JapanThe samurai had traditionally held a place of high status in Japanese society. As the Meiji reforms successfully transformed japan, they became angry at their loss of power and status. The samurai were particularly angry at losing their position as its military elite. The Samurai made their last stand against Meiji modernization in 1877 during the Satsuma Rebellion. During the rebellion, samurai leader Saigō Takamori fought to restore the power and status of the samurai. He argued that the new Japanese government was betraying traditional Japanese culture. Many of his forces were unemployed samurai. Ultimately Takamori’s forces lost to the Meiji government’s superior military capability. The Ottoman Empire
The Janissary: The Janissaries were one of the most influential groups in the Ottoman Empire. When Sultan Mahmud II (1785- 1830) decided he wanted to reform and modernize the military, the Janissaries viewed it as an assault of their power and resisted. They had even resisted small changes, such as updating their military uniforms. In 1826 the Janissaries revolted when the Sultan. The mutiny was defeated, and the Sultan crushed and dismantled the Janissary. Nationalists: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of rising Turkish nationalism. As a result, the Ottoman state began to become more Turkish.
Islamic scholars: Islam had always been the dominant religion in the Ottoman Empire. Islamic scholars had held prestigious positions within the Ottoman government. When the Ottoman State became legally secular under the Tanzimat reforms and democratic under the Young Turk revolution in the early 20th century, Islamic scholars saw their power and prestige diminished within the Ottoman administration. As a result, they actively began writing and preaching against the Ottoman government. Outcomes of Chinese, Japanese, and Ottoman ModernizationReforms of political and economic systems had mixed results. In Japan and Russia, reforms successfully industrialized their societies. Reforms failed to produce industrialized societies strong enough to survive in China and the Ottoman Empire. Why did the Chinese Self-Strengthening movement fail?Despite some success with the modernization and industrialization of China’s political, economic, and military systems, the Chinese Self-Strengthening Movement failed. Reasons for the failure included the following. Resistance of elite groups: Many conservative Confucian elements within China opposed industrialization. Their opposition meant Empress Cixi’s government only half-heartedly tried to modernize. Powerful rural landlords also resisted industrialization, worried that the growth of urban, industrial, and commercial wealth would restrict their historical privilege. Failure to fully industrialize: The Chinese never successfully adopted industrialization, unlike the Japanese. As a result, they remained dependent upon industrialized powers for machinery, industrial technology, and expertise. Outside powers: The Chinese national government could not prevent foreign powers from operating in China to advance their foreign agendas. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China in 1901, with the Qing dynasty unable to quell the rebellion, European and Japanese forces occupied the Chinese capital of Beijing and crushed the rebellion. The Qing dynasty finally collapsed in 1911, ending thousands of years of unbroken Chinese dynastic rule. Why did the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms fail?The Tanzimat reforms failed to strengthen the Ottoman Empire. Limited Industrialization: Despite some success in opening modern factories, telegraph lines, and railroads, the Ottomans could never industrialize on the scale of other European powers. The Ottomans remained reliant on Western industrial powers for weapons and military technology. Unequal treaties: Western European exemptions from Ottoman tolls, tariffs, and taxes gained through unequal limited the revenue of the Ottoman stage. Lack of money prevented the Ottoman state not having enough money to complete necessary reforms and industrialization. Nationalism: Rising nationalism in the outer territories of the empire, especially eastern European Christian areas, rejected the Turkic and Islamic character of the modern Ottoman state. These nationalist movements resulted in territory breaking away from the Ottoman Empire. Following their defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire broke apart. The new country of Turkey came into existence on the Anatolian Peninsula. The British and the French supported various regional leaders and monarchies in the old Ottoman territories. These leaders were indirectly controlled by either the British or the french through the Mandate System. Why did the Japanese Meiji reforms succeed?The Tanzimat reforms failed to strengthen the Ottoman Empire. Limited Industrialization: Despite some success in opening modern factories, telegraph lines, and railroads, the Ottomans could never industrialize on the scale of other European powers. The Ottomans remained reliant on Western industrial powers for weapons and military technology. Unequal treaties: Western European exemptions from Ottoman tolls, tariffs, and taxes gained through unequal limited the revenue of the Ottoman stage. Lack of money prevented the Ottoman state not having enough money to complete necessary reforms and industrialization. Nationalism: Rising nationalism in the outer territories of the empire, especially eastern European Christian areas, rejected the Turkic and Islamic character of the modern Ottoman state. These nationalist movements resulted in territory breaking away from the Ottoman Empire. What are the similarities in how China and the Ottoman Empire were affected by Western industrialism?In what ways were China and the Ottoman Empire similarly affected by Western industrialism? Both were given unequal treaties and were taken advantage of by Europeans. In what ways were the histories of China and the Ottoman Empire similar during the 19th century?Some similarity between the histories of China and the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century is that both empires were the center of fulfilled vibrant civilizations. Also, there were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe. In what way was the Ottoman encounter with the West similar to China's experience?In what way was the Ottoman encounter with the West similar to China's experience? Both launched "defensive modernization" programs to strengthen their states. How did European expansion in the nineteenth century differ from that of the early modern era?Unlike the early modern period, in the nineteenth century European expansion brought with it a new culture of modernity—its scientific rationalism and technological achievements, its belief in a better future, and its ideas of nationalism, socialism, feminism, and individualism. What are the similarities in how China and the Ottoman Empire were affected by Western industrialism?In what ways were China and the Ottoman Empire similarly affected by Western industrialism? Both were given unequal treaties and were taken advantage of by Europeans.
In what ways were the histories of China and the Ottoman Empire similar during the 19th century?Some similarity between the histories of China and the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century is that both empires were the center of fulfilled vibrant civilizations. Also, there were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe.
How did Ottoman policy in this regard compare with the policies applied in Europe and Asia?How did Ottoman policy in this regard compare with the policies applied in Europe and Asia? Government tolerated attracted religions as long as their practitioners remained loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims formed a significant minority within the empire.
How did European expansion in the nineteenth century differ from that of the early modern era?Unlike the early modern period, in the nineteenth century European expansion brought with it a new culture of modernity—its scientific rationalism and technological achievements, its belief in a better future, and its ideas of nationalism, socialism, feminism, and individualism.
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